Identify and discuss three social changes that would need in the Essay

Identify and discuss three social changes that would need in the United States to move toward being a more peaceful(non-violent) - Essay Example The people are not supposed to be each other’s enemies (Vesterman, 2007). First, US must vigorously pursue its diplomatic relations with the Arab world and develop a relation of collaboration and partnership for global economic concerns and amity in relations. The past decades proved that United States has been hostile to countries where perceived terrorist groups are existing and where leaders are inclined to violate denuclearization efforts of the United Nations. The global conditions require that venues for dialogue, interaction, and interfaith discourse be internationalized as inherent not only in diplomatic relations but also in the development of amity of nations to attain global peace. Second, the United States must pursue cultural discourse with the rest of the global community to fully appreciate the diversity and multicultural dimension of the global village. This can take place in both online and non-online settings where open communication is possible and where soc io-cultural exchanges can be undertaken. This cultural nobility can be integrated as a policy in security management. As US, like its other global alliances, use the military forces in the intervention programs to conflict-affected communities and in regions where reconstruction or rehabilitation is undertaken, the forces should likewise be trained and educated to promote cultural respect and sensitivities to improve US international relations. This can likewise assuage the creation of leeway for economic exchanges where US has interest for trading, especially in oil production. At the domestic level, rigorous transformative policy formulation and enforcement should be undertaken with primacy on providing strategic resolution to domestic issues on job creation, social services delivery, provision of support to communities affected by climate changes (on reconstruction and rehabilitation) and engaging communities for resiliency. It is likewise paramount that the US must focus on the problems of immigration and encourage their return to their original countries to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities of domestic economy as their influx also added to the problems of unfriendly relations, poor social cohesion, and internal conflicts of interests (Malcom X, 1964). Anent thereto, the government should realize that social changes are necessary to attain a positive social changes where individuals and non-government participation is fully appreciated in nurturing world peace and social cohesion. In the historic epoch of civilizations, only peaceful discourse, negotiations, and open interaction can create an environment of peace that could encourage development workers and stakeholders to come together and discuss their situations to advance it at a higher level of relations (Vesterman, 2007). Violence and wars out of conflict of interests created losses and even its strategic resolution can only be created in the same path for peace. For peace can only be attained thr ough peaceful means notwithstanding the fact that politics have showed the need for peoples, as stakeholders, to take part in social transformation to make it effective and reflective of its dreams or aspirations as peoples (Vesterman, 2007; Malcom X,

Promoting effective communication Essay Example for Free

Promoting effective communication Essay There are a number of factors to consider when promoting effective communication. When using verbal communication with patients it is important to speak looking at them, speaking slowly and clearly and using simple language,. It is important to note that when working with patients with learning disabilities we have made sure they have understood what I have said. When speaking with colleagues or professionals the language I use can be more complex and often I will speak faster however most factors remain the same, it is still important that information given verbally is clear and concise. An example of this is when this is when I have mentored new staff I make sure I talk over everything slowly and clearly and I also get then to repeat some of that information back to show they have understood. Verbally communicating in this way will differ dependant on weather I am talking on a one to one basis or to a group. If I am talking to a group I must remember to address everyone and not exclude anyone. When using non-verbal communication there are many different factors to consider. For example, if I am slummed back in a chair, it may show that I am not interested in the conversation. Eye contact is also very important as this can show that I am engaged in the conversation, other things to consider would be hand gestures, body language and facial expressions, for example, if I frown or have my arms folded I may give a negative impression. Finally it is important to remember that for effective communication to take place it involves both parties to be engaged. Being able to listen well is vital in a two way conversations.

Free College Admissions Essays: Success :: College Admissions Essays

Success "Success is counted sweetest/By those who ne'er succeed" Emily Dickinson Since the beginning of my life I have been studying. In the early years of my childhood I didn't quite understand what my role was all about. I always wondered why is it that I have to go to school everyday even on Saturday because my mom said that it is good to be around smart people. When I was growing up I found the answer by myself. I started to understand when I was eight years old. I began to see school as the place to get knowledge this that my parents cant teach me at home. I also saw (and actually see) School as a place to play, have positive thoughts and enjoy life without forget about class and what society is expecting from us, and to socialize to have good friends, friends that care and have the same interest in success as I do. Now being 18 years old I know a lot more of myself. I can make and I have made decisions that really have a direct effect on me. Three years ago I decided do my best at scho ol to have a good high school education and make myself better every day. Since I am in love with my school I have accomplish many thing like doing extracurricular activities. On March 1998 I joined United Talents a group of student that help the Parents Association to organize activities. We use to dance our Dominican Republic folk music for our parents and make each presentation more enjoyable for them each time. Actually I am participating in a lot of activities, which are the chess club, yearbook as staff and photographer, swimming pool taking a course to be a lifeguard and helping in the computer lab. In the chess club as I heard I will be elected as a vice-president of the club do to the fact that I have accomplish fine in the city tournaments (every last Sunday of each month). The yearbook is very interesting for me because I like taking pictures and Mrs. Serrano gave me a workshop working as a photographer which I enjoy a lot. Those pictures I take go to the yearbook staff a nd they decide what to add to the school year book. In the computer lab, I use to help because I have some experience using computers. Free College Admissions Essays: Success :: College Admissions Essays Success "Success is counted sweetest/By those who ne'er succeed" Emily Dickinson Since the beginning of my life I have been studying. In the early years of my childhood I didn't quite understand what my role was all about. I always wondered why is it that I have to go to school everyday even on Saturday because my mom said that it is good to be around smart people. When I was growing up I found the answer by myself. I started to understand when I was eight years old. I began to see school as the place to get knowledge this that my parents cant teach me at home. I also saw (and actually see) School as a place to play, have positive thoughts and enjoy life without forget about class and what society is expecting from us, and to socialize to have good friends, friends that care and have the same interest in success as I do. Now being 18 years old I know a lot more of myself. I can make and I have made decisions that really have a direct effect on me. Three years ago I decided do my best at scho ol to have a good high school education and make myself better every day. Since I am in love with my school I have accomplish many thing like doing extracurricular activities. On March 1998 I joined United Talents a group of student that help the Parents Association to organize activities. We use to dance our Dominican Republic folk music for our parents and make each presentation more enjoyable for them each time. Actually I am participating in a lot of activities, which are the chess club, yearbook as staff and photographer, swimming pool taking a course to be a lifeguard and helping in the computer lab. In the chess club as I heard I will be elected as a vice-president of the club do to the fact that I have accomplish fine in the city tournaments (every last Sunday of each month). The yearbook is very interesting for me because I like taking pictures and Mrs. Serrano gave me a workshop working as a photographer which I enjoy a lot. Those pictures I take go to the yearbook staff a nd they decide what to add to the school year book. In the computer lab, I use to help because I have some experience using computers.

Corporate Strategy of Tesco

{draw:frame} An evaluation of Tesco’s competitive position within the food industry market. Corporate strategy ASB-4004. December the 14th 2009. Shahbaz Ansari- abpa40, 500 200603 Word count- 3300 excluding references, appendices, and tables. Contents page Introduction P3 History P3 Business strategy P3 Corporate strategy P3 Company values P3 Value chain P4 Joint Ventures and Mergers and Acquisitions P4 PESTEL analysis P5 Competitors P7 Figure 1: Tesco’s main competitors P7 Figure 2: Ansoff matrix for Tesco’s marketing strategy P8 Figure 3: Tesco’s sub-bran poisition in the United Kingdom P9 Figure 4: Tesco’s competition in the UK P10 Figure 5: Tesco’s internal competition P10 Core competencies P11 Human Resource P12 Recommendations P13 Conclusions P14 References P15 Appendices P17 Appendix 1: Retail Competitors Analysis by Mintel P17 Appendix 2: Leading UK food retailers, market shares, 2008 P18 Appendix 3: Tesco UK store formats, 2008/09 P 19 Introduction The company that our group has chosen to analyse is Tesco. Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen who began his new venture by selling surplus groceries from a stall in the east end of London; One his first day he made ? 1 profit and ? 4 of sales (Tescoplc. com [history]). Tesco has come a long way since then and is now one of the largest food retailers in the world, operating around 2,318 stores and employing over 326,000 people. Not only has Tesco managed to monopolise the food sector, they have also diversified into a number of other sectors, some of which being insurance, mobile networks, clothing, and electronics. However, this report shall have a focus of the food sector in the United Kingdom. Albeit that Tesco has 2,200 stores locally, it is categorised as operating in a globalised environment. Currently Tesco has stores in seven European countries; the United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, Turkey, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and the Republic of Ireland. Furthermore also operates in Asia, stores can be found in China, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Taiwan (Tescoplc. com [community plan]; Tescoplc. com [core UK]). The long term business strategy of Tesco is currently fivefold; to be a successful international retailer; to grow the core UK business; to be as strong in the non-food arena as the food arena; to develop retailing services- such as tesco. com, Telecoms, and Tesco personal finance; and to put community at the heart of what they do (Tescopl. com [long term strategy]). How Tesco chose to implement the corporate strategy is via a steering wheel model; that all of the key elements of the business, customers, operations, people, finance, and community, are dealt with an equal and balanced scorecard (Tescoplc. om [CR strategy]). It has been stated by Tesco that the steering wheel has been implemented to place emphasis on the fact that corporate responsibility is not a specialist function in Tesco, it is a part of everybody’s job every day (Tescoplc. com [CR strategy]). Tesco works off the business value that their â€Å"core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their li fetime loyalty† (Tescoplc. com [our values]). Great emphasis is placed within â€Å"people†, without their customers and employees Tesco’s success would not have been possible. For the remainder of this report the variables that can affect Tesco’s competitive advantage shall be considered and evaluated. Value chain When considering the value chain of Tesco there are a number of primary variables that can either add value (+), lose value (-), or have the potential to add value (P+). For the primary activities; Inbound logistics These have an integral importance in the creation of the value chain as they provide the earliest opportunity to create value, therefore because of the elements related to the logistics Tesco try to achieve and maintain the level of consumer choice in store (+). The efficiency of distribution system of Tesco does need to be improved (+), and the quality control system should be managed by the company efficiently so that the cost of losses are not imposed upon the customers (P+). Operations Tesco’s core operations are service orientated and these services involve opening and closing the store, shelf maintenance, and replenishing the stock (+). Outbound logistics The main emphasis for this stage in the chain is delivering the product to the customer (+), the customer service that is provided (+) and the implementation of the trolley service which is convenient for the customer (+). Marketing and sales The Tesco Clubcard gives discounts and provides loyalty to customers (+), selling healthy and environmentally friendly products (+), and Tesco’s advertisements and new policies on using recycled products to help Tesco come â€Å"carbon free by 2050† (+). Joint Ventures and mergers and acquisitions In 2008, Tesco made an agreement with the Royal Bank of Scotland to buy 50% of their shareholding. This allowed Tesco to build up Tesco Personal Finance. Tesco currently offer financial products such as home insurance and a credit card. However, Tesco wishes to offer a full service retail bank. The reason for wanting to embark on this new venture is because owning its own bank would not just increase Tesco’s revenue, it would also attract new customers and provide a further service for its existing loyal customers, which other competitors do not offer (REFERENCE PLEASE YOUNG). In 1999 a French hypermarket chain named â€Å"Carrefour† tried to enter the Korean market but it failed. This was due to the fact that the Korean population had a preference for domestic supermarket chains, which this was not as the owners failed to localise the store (REFERENCE PLEASE YOUNG). Interestingly Tesco attempted to enter the South Korean market in 1999 as a joint venture with Samsung. It was named â€Å"Samsung Homeplus Tesco† and was extremely successful due to the recognition by the Koreans that it was a domestic retailer. By joining forces with a Korean business Tesco was given an instant competitive advantage and the opportunity to thrive: â€Å"it has now become one of Koreas leading retailers and there are currently 30 hypermarkets and two super express stores† (Kollewe, 2004). Finally, in 2008 Tesco acquired a Korean supermarket chain named Homever which was owned by the E-land group in Korea. Tesco paid ? 958 million to take over the 36 stores that the group owned (Walker, 2008). The takeover will not only increase Tesco’s revenue, in a country that they have already been successful in, but will also enable Tesco to gain knowledge of the Far East and Asian markets through merging the two companies, this hopefully should enable them to be just as successful within these new markets. PESTEL analysis for Tesco Political Due to operating in a global environment, Tesco is largely influenced by the political and legislative conditions of these countries, as well as the European Union enforcing governing rules. The government legislation for employment encourages retailers to provide work for a variant of people, ranging from flexible, lowered paid, and locally based jobs to highly skilled, highly paid, and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). This piece of legislation also allows for the various demographics to be given work opportunities, such as students, senior citizens, disabled people, people from various ethnic backgrounds, and working parents. This gives Tesco a competitive advantage as it produces loyal employees. Economical The recession has caused the unemployment level in the United Kingdom to soar over 28. 93 million (Office for national statistics). As economical factors are likely to influence demand, cost, price, and profits, these figures should make Tesco’s management feel particularly apprehensive. Although Tescos international business does bring in a high amount of profit, they are still largely dependent on the UK market. If the unemployment rates continue to soar, the slowdown of the UK food market could have a severely detrimental effect on Tesco’s. Social British customers have become â€Å"one stop† shoppers. Due to this movement, Tesco has been able to successfully diversify their company into a range of different markets. One can now not only buy their weekly shop but can purchase personal insurance, electronic goods, clothing, and a range of other products from Tesco. com. Technological This particular variable of the macro-environment has helped to develop many of Tesco’s products and has not only been indicative of the company’s satisfaction but also that of the customer’s. Due to services such as Tesco. om, the self checkout service and the Tesco Clubcard, the customer satisfaction levels have increased due to more personalised shopping, goods that are readily available, and convenience. However, due to the modern use of technology, it does allow for job cuts as face to face services have been replaced. Environmental Tesco has put in place measures to ensure that their company helps in the fight to l ower carbon emissions. Their challenge is to achieve a 30% reduction of the carbon impact of the Tesco’s supply chain by 2020 and to become a zero carbon business by 2050 (Tescoplc. om [Press release, 2009]). Implementations in the forms of using green clubcard points in order to encourage environmentally friendly, carbon conscious purchasing; the â€Å"buy one get one free later† scheme, that allows customers to acquire their free product at a later date to reduce waste; and are striving to reduce packaging, reduced carrier bag use, and increase recycling, this year alone they have reduced carrier bag usage by 53% (Tescopl. com [Press release, 2009]). Legal There are certain government legislatives and policies that Tescos have to abide by and have a direct impact on their performance. Bodies such as the Food Retailing Commission (FRC), who prevent companies from demanding payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices without notice. Government policies for monopoly and the reduction of the buyer’s power can limit entry into the sector (Mintel report, 2004). Competitors The market leader of food retailers in UK is Tesco. It has 26. 2% (including non-retail is 31. 5%) market share, 2,115 stores and ? 34,874 million sales (Mintel, Food Retailing, 2008, details in Appendix 1). J Sainsbury which has 823 stores and 13. 5 (16. 5) % market share is in the second position. The third one is Asda group, and it gains 13. (15. 1) % market share with less than half of the Sainsbury stores number. The forth player in food retailing market is Wm Morrison Group which holds 9. 5(11. 7) % market share. â€Å"The top four account for 63% of all food retailers’ sales (after adjusting for fuel sales) and dominate the market for main food shopping. (Mintel, Food Reta iling, 2008)† â€Å"British supermarkets are typically evaluated by potential customers by two sets of criteria: the perceived price levels charged and the quality of service offered interns of range of goods, quality of merchandise, opening hours, and store environment (Bradley, 2003). {draw:g} Figure 1: Tesco’s main competitors adapted from Mintel report, 2009, (see appendix 1). As Tesco is in the middle of the position map, it has the opportunities to expand its product line to meet the up-market needs, or to have some discount products get the down-market interests, but the competition level in this position is very high. It is necessary to look at how Tesco still hold the No. 1 position in UK food-retailing industry. {draw:g} Figure 2: Ansoff matrix to analyse Tesco’s marketing strategy. Tesco started in the UK food retailing market and the business is maturing. â€Å"Sales density and market share growth are both slowing, and UK space is becoming a smaller part of the whole (Leahy, 2008). † AlthoughTesco will still plan to open more stroes in UK, â€Å"80% will open outside of the UK in 2009 (Mintel, Food Retailing, 2008)†. The opportunities for Tesco are: 1. Taking advantages of the food retailing value chain to continue to grow internationall by market development, and 2. Providing non-food products/services to the loyal customers in food retailing area by product development. Figure 3: Tesco’s sub-bran poisition in the United Kingdom. {draw:g} The above figure summaries the sub-brands of Tesco with two main factors: the customer perceived convenience and the product range (Food vs. Non-food). In order to hold and increase the market share, what Tesco is trying to do is to to set a small number of big stores which could be the best choice to purchase the products when the customer have enough time. Meanwhile, there are more than one thousand express/One Stop stores which could be convenient for the customers daily life purchase. When considering the competitive advantages, our group uses Poter’s â€Å"Five Forces† (1980) to analyze Tesco competition in the UK and international markets. In the UK, Tesco bulits the barriers for new entrants (high fixed cost and difficult to get suppliers), cooperates with local suppliers (strong relationship with farmers), uses Clubcard for retaining customers (Customer loyalty), and in the food retailing there is no specific substitutes. {draw:g} Figure 4: Tesco’s competition in the United Kingdom. draw:g} In the international markets, the situation will be different. Tesco should build relationship with the international suppliers, promote its brand to the international customers, provide products differentiation to avoid the threat from substitutes and potential entrants and compete with the international competitors which may already have strong supplier chains. Figure 5: Tesco internal markets competition. Core competencies There are two issues as the core competencies of Tesco. One is the employees, and another is the customers. The staffs determine the competitiveness through the internal of the business, whereas the customers determine the external environment the profitability of the business† (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Especially, when the business is in the downturn, Tesco needs to spend more time to do the research on how to satisfy the customers better than its competitors’. The ultimate goal of Tesco is to reduce the cost for the customers. Since Asda enter the UK market with the introduction of parity strategy, the main players in supermarkets has faced a fierce competition which based on the low-cost strategy. At that period of time (1980s), some of the main supermarkets had been replaced which was related to a low customer loyalty. People had a wide range of choice with a cheaper price. Until the Clubcard was established, customers have become more relevant to the supermarket. Although a Clubcard itself does not create loyalty, it can be a medium to produce the Tesco points (which can be accumulated and exchange the goods/money within Tesco, source from: Assen, Van den Berg, and Pietersma, 2009). Tesco notice that the total customer satisfaction experience can create the generate loyalty towards ‘a pull strategy’ which is better than a direct promotion that is based on a low-cost products (a push strategy). According to Tesco's annual report, â€Å"In the first 6 months of the club card introduction, without any advertising case, Tesco have achieved about 17% of the â€Å"customer spontaneous usage. † Based on this research, it is obviously to see that a Tesco Clubcard can not only enhance the customers’ loyalties, but also can create a customer relationship management (CRM) for Tesco. Tesco can get the information from CRM and analyze it to find those most valuable customers. On one hand it can reduce the cost and make Tesco to target more efficiently and effectively. On the other hand this may improve the company's service quality and customer satisfaction. Club card activity is successful and remarkable. Customers like these activities, as well as the store managers. It gives the opportunity to create a communication channel for the managers and the customers sharing knowledge. Tesco is trying to treat its customers as â€Å"shareholders†. In addition, Tesco must learn and adjust their marketing strategy to meet their customers’ needs. That means if Tesco can notice the changing of the customers’ needs more quick than its competitors. Their competitors will lose their customers’ satisfaction and this is one of the most important competencies of Tesco, especially the critical successful factor in UK. Human Resource Tescos distinctive strategic resources and assets can be found in its employees. The HR department in Tescos has been strategically integrated in the overall plans; management utilizes HR whenever they are making decisions (Beardwell J. 004). HR department helps in the building of the company through the following: – creating new plans and techniques to measure and reduce labour turnover. It has played a crucial role in aiding diversification into new business sectors. Their slogan ‘Every Little Helps’ is part of their ethos and is also inculcated in the training progr ams offered to their employees (Armstrong, M 2005) Tescos focuses on high commitment through the HR department by incorporating all employees; by discussing its strategic directions. The major challenge to Tescos is ensuring that all employees are aware of the roles assigned and how these various roles and actions can affect the ‘big Tescos picture’ (Whitelock, N. 2003). As a result, training has increased within the organization with high value placed on employees through the offer of basic and extended training. (Beardwell J. 2004). The increment in employee training within the organization is as a result of HR adopting a proactive strategic role and not an administrative one. The stance taken by HR is that by equipping the employees with the skills that they need to work will in the long run lead to increased growth. (Mullins, L. 2005) Career development is also looked at. This is in light of the changing employment market and employees feeling less secure in their jobs. A disadvantage of this is that since these skills are transferrable, they could in the long run be of benefit to their competitors. Though the merits of training the employees outweigh the demerits, employee shift or movement should not be overlooked. Marchington M & Wilkinson, A 1997) In terms of sustainability, developing employees through T&D and education are imperative because these are the most important factors in determining long-term business profitability. This can also be achieved by fully exploiting the wealth of knowledge within the organization; its employees. (Armstrong, M 2005) It aims to integrate learning as part of it business culture because learning is seen as an inte gral way of being flexible which has a long term organizational value thus maintaining its huge step ahead of its competition. In conclusion, Tescos integrating HR as part of its strategy and focusing on the training of its employees has made them feel a part of the overall strategy which in turn has lead to higher employee commitment. This long run effect gives Tescos the added value it needs in the competitive retail market. Recommendations There are a number of recommendations that can be specified which could enable Tesco to grow into more dominant brand and have even more success both locally and internationally. Tesco’s growth largely depends on its non-food products, these account for over 25% of its sales (not including petrol), and it is these areas that are the key to Tesco’s future success. The main emphasis should now be on developing new and innovative strategies so that these areas can blossom. Already it has been noted that Tesco beauty section is only second to boots, and their skin care range is the fastest growing range in all supermarkets. However, they do face stiff competition from Asda’s and Sainsbury’s clothing range. If Tesco wishes to be viewed as the number one â€Å"one stop shop† then more efforts need to be placed into the non-food areas otherwise customers shall use a different supermarket that do satisfy all their consumer needs. Currently there is a serious cause for concern that our carbon foot print needs to be decreased drastically. All supermarkets have a high level of waste; cardboard, plastics, paper. This problem needs to be address, although Tesco has stated that they wish to be carbon free by 2050, they need to ensure that this dream becomes a realisation. They can reduce these variables by having less packaging on products, promoting recycling, and disposing with plastic bags all together and instead implement long life bags that the customer brings to the store when they visit. Tesco have been extremely successful in many foreign markets through joint ventures and mergers and acquisitions. They have acquired a lot of useful knowledge about the Korean market and now hopefully will flourish in the Asian and Far East market. This shall only happen though if they bring not only their own values but adopt the ones of the country that they are entering. Finally, further steps need to be taken into promoting Tesco’s banking service. If this venture does go ahead they will be an unstoppable force. Conclusion Tesco is a remarkable chain. Although it is leading in its market and is attempting to conquer the international world, it is the values that they uphold that are second to none. It is the emphasis on â€Å"its people† that have allowed them to be so successful; by continuously trying to provide better and faster services of a high quality, and investing time and money in its employees is why they have so many loyal customers. Tescos are known for innovation, they have now become a one stop store, not only can one acquire the weekly shop but now can obtain insurance, home furnishing, clothing, and electrical goods. It is for reasons such as these that they have always been able to stay one step ahead of their competitors. Word count – 3300 References Armstrong, M (2005) (9th Edition) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice Kogan Page, London Assen, M. , V. , Van den Berg, G. , and Pietersma. , P. 2009) Key Management Models: The 60+ models every manager needs to know, 2nd edition, Balchin A. (1994) Part-time workers in the multiple retail sector: small change from employment protection legislation? , Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Issue 7, pp. 43-57. Beardwell, J and Claydon, T. (2004) (4th Edition) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach Prentice Hall, Harlow. Bradley, F. (2003) â€Å"Building competitive brands†, Strategic Marketing in the customer driven organization, 1st E dition, London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd Press Kotler, P and Keller, K. L. (2009) Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, and Control, Prentice-Hall. Kollewe, J. (2004) cited at http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/news/tesco-raises-stake-in-korean-venture-544724. html. Assessed by 28 Nov, 2009 Marchington, M. & Wilkinson, A. (1996) Core Personnel and Development IPD Publishing, London. Mintel report. (2004) Food retailing- UK, Retail intelligence, November. Mintel International Group Ltd (2008) Food Retailing, UK, November 2008 (Nov 2008). http://0-academic. mintel. com. unicat. bangor. ac. k/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=395621/display/id=280627. Assessed 16th Nov, 2009. Mintel International Group Ltd (2009) Food Retailing, UK, _November 2009 _(Nov 2009) http://0-academic. mintel. com. unicat. bangor. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/display/id=395621/display/id=280627/display/id=395621. Assessed 4th Dec, 2009. Mullins, L (2005) (7th Edition) Management and Organisational Behaviour Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Edinburgh Office of national statistics cited in http://www. tatistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? ID=12. Found on the 27/22/09. Palmer, A. & Worthington, I. (1992) â€Å"Marketing: an overview†, The Business and Marketing Environment, 1st Edition, London: McGraw Hill Press. Porter, M. , E (1980) cited in Johnson, G. & Scholes, K. (1997) Exploring Corporate Strategy, 4th Edition, London: Prentice Hall Press. Tesco community plan cited in http://www. tescoplc. com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/cr_strategy/community_plan/. Tesco core UK cited in

False memories in bilinguals: The influence of different languages on veridical and false recalls.

Introduction The question of how two different languages can affect the memory of bilingual individuals has consistently been present throughout the literature in psychology (Altarriba, 2003; Marmolejo, Dilberto-Macaluso and Altarriba, 2009; Schrauf, 2000). Researchers have been curious to discover whether these languages are both stored in the same parts of the mind, how they affect the memories of bilingual individuals, what the advantages and disadvantages are of knowing two languages, and whether being bilingual affects the individual’s ability to recognise and recall information. The inquisition of these issues has inspired the undertaking of the present research, which sought to ascertain how bilingualism affects false recall in the memories of the individuals associated with an orientation towards using the Greek and English languages. A false memory is a mental experience which is mistaken as veridical representation of an event from an individual’s past (Johnson & Raye, 1998). False memories can manifest in both minor and major forms, having significant implications both for the individual and for others (Johnson & Raye, 1998).. For example, one may have a false memory as minor as believing that they saw their keys in the kitchen, when in actual fact they are in the living room; or one may have a false memory as major as believing that they were the inventor of a famous idea, or that they were sexually abused as a child (Johnson & Raye, 1998). The nature of false memories is not limited to confusion between reality and imagination. Elements from various perceived events, such as television news and a fictional novel, may also be confused. This is known by psychologists as source confusion or misattribution and can be described through the Source Monitoring Framework (SMF) (Johnson, Hashtroudi & Lindsay, 19 93). The literature highlights the importance of understanding that although memories have been confabulated; it does not mean that the original information was lost. Thus, representations of perception and those which have been constructed by the mind may both be stored in the memory and manifest under different conditions (Johnson, 1981; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). With regards to language orientation, the knowledge and use of more than one language has been found to be one of the conditions in which false memories are manifested (Sahlin, Harding & Seamon, 2005). Effort has been made to elaborate on this condition throughout this introduction. Researchers have proposed that false memories can cross language boundaries through the findings that conceptual representations of words provide an appropriate climate for false memories to appear in as opposed to specific lexical representations, where errors in memory were found to be significantly decreased (Sahlin, Harding & Seamon, 2005). These findings were tested by the notion that bilingual witnesses are equally as susceptible to post event misinformation, whether it was presented in the same language as the actual event, or in another language that they speak (Shaw, Garcia & Robles, 1997). The fact that language context makes no difference to post event misinformation provides sufficient grounds to inquire whether there are any differences at all in false memory recall between monolinguals and bilinguals. Theory indicates that bilinguals process information in a different way to monolinguals (Bialystok, Craik & Luk, 2012; Martin et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2011). The reason for this has been suggested as the notion that bilinguals tend to encode experiences and information in two languages rather than one (Grosjean, 1989). Where monolinguals utilise only one language in their minds during the encoding process, bilinguals utilise two, which has been found to have a significant effect on memory performance when comparing bilingual and monolingual individuals (Ardila, 2014; Paivio, 2014). For example, bilingual individuals have been found to combine languages, resulting in a more enhanced cognitive performance in recognition and recall of information than monolinguals (Francis, 1999). These findings provide further grounds to investigate the extent to which cognitive processes are at an advantage through bilingualism, and whether bilingualism could result in more false memories than monol igualism. Thus, with reference to the difference that language context could make to one’s memory performance, it has been suggested that language may be used as a retrieval cue when eliciting memories from past experiences (Altarriba, 2003), suggesting that the original language context plays a significant role in the quality and nature of the memories retrieved (Godden & Baddeley, 1975). Consequently, this provides implication for further research as it lays a foundation for the speculation that bilingual individuals may be more susceptible to false memory, signifying a disadvantage as opposed to the enhanced cognitive processing that was suggested by the findings of Francis (1999). It may be suggested that the reason for the differences between monolingual and bilingual recall is due to the functioning of the phonological loop, a short term memory system for auditory information acting as ‘the mind’s voice’ when processing information (Lindberg, 2005). The phonological loop plays a crucial role in learning new words in native and foreign languages (Salame & Baddeley, 1986). Researchers propose that acquisition of a new language expands the phonological loop allowing the individual to access a larger store of sounds and words (Salame & Baddeley, 1986). However, the effects that the cognitive enhancement has on the Long Term Memory and the overall functioning of the Working Memory has been suggested to leave bilinguals at a disadvantage, as the literature also suggests that processing words in a second language consumes additional working memory resources in bilinguals (Service et al, 2002). This suggests that overall memory performance in bilinguals is reduced because of increased concentration on the textual definition and relationship between words (Service et al, 2002). Therefore, it is appropriate to question if false memories could be a result of reduced working memory performance, or whether they are a result of enhanced cogn itive processing in bilingual individuals. In order to understand the concept of working memory of bilinguals better in its relation to false memory, it is relevant to consider how false memories are created. Memories can include errors at the time of encoding becoming distorted (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). According to some, false memories may also be created by external suggestion (Loftus, 1997; Zhu et al, 2010), such as when someone suggests that an event had occurred in early childhood, and this information is retained by the individual as a memory, thus forming the basis of a false memory. This is named the misinformation effect phenomenon, as the misleading information, which is given to the individual, causes them to create false recollections of an event (Loftus, 1979; Loftus, and Hoffman, 1989; Tousignant, Hall, & Loftus, 1986). This phenomenon has also been shown to occur in a number of individuals from various backgrounds (Frenda, Nichols, and Loftus, 2012), including th ose who have been asked to recall events as eyewitnesses (Loftus, 2013; Patihis et al, 2013; Shaw, Garcia, & Robles, 1997). Consequently, the misinformation effect phenomenon may offer one explanation for the creation of false memories in the working memory. With regards to language orientation, experiments provide evidence to show that false memories may also be created because of the events that bilingual individuals recall in association with the words that they have been shown during experiments (Deese, 1959). This idea is pertinent to the creation of false memories in bilingual individuals, therefore, to further investigate this phenomenon, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was used as a methodology in which false memories were studied (Deese, 1959; Roediger, & McDermott, 1995). In a number of studies, participants were asked to recall a list of words, associated with one word in particular. For example, sadness may be associated with tears, pain, grief, unhappiness, sorrow, gloom, despondency, desolation, or melancholy. The word sadness is not shown in any of the lists, but the associated words are. The participants are then asked to recall as many words as they can remember. Results of the studies show false memories to be evident in the participants (Cann, McRae & Katz, 2011; Gallo, 2010; Koriat, Pansky & Goldsmith, 2011). This suggests that words hold semantic power and have the ability to influence memories by filling in any ‘gaps’, thus providing support for the notion that false memories are influenced by language. However, these studies may be criticised through the suggestion that individual differences plays a significant role in working memory, and therefore must be considered when studying working memory (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). For these language and memory studies in particular, it should be considered that individual differences may play a major role in the way that an individual interprets words such as ‘te ars’, ‘pain’, ‘grief’ ‘sorrow’ and so on, as these words may hold different connotations for individuals from different cultural backgrounds.With reference to false memory as a result of bilingualism, studies indicate that language was tested in separate DRM experiments but not manipulated as a factor. It was seen that each language had a different set of lists in the experiments. As a consequence, the comparison of words across languages must be considered with the utmost caution, as lists presented in one language may trigger a higher proportion of false recall that those presented in another language (Marmolejo, 2009). This suggests that bilingual individuals are more inclined to false memories that monolinguals. Therefore, it is essential that when DRM methods are used, these factors be considered as they may affect the results of the experiments. In conjunction, the findings from other studies have shown that where the second langua ge proficiency of the bilingual participants is mixed, higher number of false recalls are evident (Anastasi et al., 2005; Holliday, Kang and Lee, 2003; Marmolejo et al., 2009; Miyaji-Kawasaki, Inoue, & Yama, 2003). Hence, these findings must also be taken into consideration, as they may affect the outcomes of experiments which seek to examine the language recall or recognition of bilingual individuals and the incidence of false memories. Other research shows that false memories in bilinguals may be created due to the Schema Theory (Bartlett, 1932), whereby different schemas in the mind represent different languages. These schemas store the information necessary so that bilingual individuals are able to use various languages. When new information is attained, errors occur when the old information becomes mixed with this (Bransford and Franks, 1971). This process therefore leads to a distortion in the memory, which may be used to explain why false memory recalls are observed when bili nguals are tested using the DRM method. From this knowledge we can expect that the results of the present study will show that bilinguals have a higher tendency towards false memories. Comparatively, Craik and Lockhart (1972) stated that false memory recalls occur due to the levels at which language is processed by the mind. According to the Levels of Processing theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972), when memories are processed, it is undertaken on different levels. If the levels of processing are shallow, the memories that are created are weaker than those which are formulated on a deeper level (Gallo, 2013). Therefore, if language memories are formulated on a deeper level than new memories, they will be stronger than new ones. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that this is not advantageous as this leads to higher levels of false memory recall (Anderson, 2013; Hunt, Smith & Dunlap, 2011; Thapar & Mcdermott, 2001; Toglia, Neuschatz & Goodwin, 1999). This may be another way th rough which false memories may be created in the working memory of bilinguals. Yet, in opposition, it may be suggested that this is not only limited to bilinguals, and may also occur in monolinguals. However, the speculations for the present study do suggest that false memory will be an occurrence that is more prevalent among bilinguals, not limited to bilinguals.. Others have stated that the reasons for false recall may be found in the way in which sematic representations are strongly linked to language (Cann, McRae & Katz, 2011; Wakeford et al., 2009). Each language has a direct link to representations, thus, when these are presented under experimental conditions, errors are found. When both language memories are being accessed by the participants in DRM experiments (Gallo, 2010), this may cause confusion in their memory. As a result, this could lead to some memories being triggered simultaneously, which in turn causes false recalls or the creation of false memories. This explanat ion of why false memory recalls may occur in bilingual individuals is often referred to as the spreading activation theory (Gallo, 2013) and is with reference to the activation of different semantic networks, which are used to access language memories of bilingual individuals. As the semantic network is activated, its activity spreads out across the brain so that the language related memories might be accessed and recalled. In relation to this, another notion named fuzzy trace theory has also been proposed to explain false memory recalls (Toglia et al. 1999).According to LaTour, LaTour, and Brainerd, (2014), false memories are seen as a result of deficient processing. However, recent psychological research has shown that elaboration and inferences can result in ‘smart’ false memories. These ‘smart’ false memories are explained by fuzzy-trace theory (FTT), which assumes that they derive from comprehension of the meaning of experience. FTT predicts that †˜smart’ false memories should be positively correlated with measured levels of Need for Cognition. (LaTour, LaTour & Brainerd, 2014) Thus, as information is processed and encoded in two different languages the representations, speech and main points of these memories are formed simultaneously in conjunction with each other (Graves & Altarriba, 2014; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995; Reyna & Kiernan, 1994). In accord, the main points of these memories may become related to other familiar representations (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002) so false memories are created as these memories are recalled because they were never actually created in the first instance. For this reason, false memory recall is higher when second languages are learnt as they are often learnt through accessing memories associated with native languages, which have their own schematic representations in the bilingual individual’s memory (Toglia et al., 1999). From this knowledge, it can be expected that the results of t he present study will show that bilingual individuals are more inclined to accumulate false memories. On reflection of the evidence at hand, it the several ways in which false memory recalls are created may begin to be ascertained. Errors in processing may be the cause (Anderson, 2013; Hunt, Smith & Dunlap, 2011; Thapar & Mcdermott, 2001; Toglia, Neuschatz & Goodwin, 1999), receiving inaccurate or false information (Loftus, 1979; Loftus & Hoffman, 1989; Tousignant, Hall & Loftus, 1986) or differing levels of language proficiency (Anastasi et al., 2005; Holliday, Kang & Lee, 2003; Marmolejo et al., 2009; Miyaji-Kawasaki, Inoue & Yama, 2003) may be held accountable. A single explanation which determines how or why false memory phenomena may occur more in bilinguals than in monolinguals does not exist. Therefore, it is important that a number of theories are considered when investigating why false memory recall occurs in bilingual individuals. It is also essential that these notions be examined further, in order for a deeper insight into why false recalls are more prevalent in some situations than in others. This could help to establish which of the notions that have been discussed are more accurate. In turn, this would enable a deeper understanding of how individuals that speak two languages utilise their memories. The present study sought to examine and ascertain how bilingualism influences false memory recall in individuals using the Greek and English languages. The research question at hand asked: To what extent does bilingualism influence the veridical and false memory recalls of individuals when they are asked to remember dissimilar alphabetic scriptsTherefore, the aim of the present research study was to test the effects of bilingualism on veridical and false memory recall when individuals were asked to recall dissimilar alphabetic scripts. In order to test this, the hypotheses were devised in accord to the literature covered suggested thatBilingual indivi duals will falsely recall words in Greek or English as they create false memories;Bilingual individuals will falsely recall different languages in different proportions, depending upon whether it is their native or non-native language; False recalls will occur in non-native languages more than native languages and false recognition will occur more in non-native languages than native languages. These hypotheses were tested through the execution of several experiments. The methods that were employed are detailed in the next section of this report. References Altarriba, J. (2003). Does carin?o equal â€Å"liking†A theoretical approach to conceptual non-equivalence between languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 7, 305-322. Altarriba, J., & Isurin, L. (Eds.). (2012). Memory, language, and bilingualism: Theoretical and applied approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Anastasi, J. S., Rhodes, M. G., Marquez, S., & Velino, V. (2005). The incidence of false memories in native and non-native speakers. Memory, 13, 815-828. Anderson, J. R. (2013). Language, memory, and thought. USA: Psychology Press. Ardila, A. (2014). Working Memory. In Foundations of Bilingual Memory (pp. 223-234). New York: Springer. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Luk, G. (2012). Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(4), 240-250. Blair, I. V., Lenton, A. P., & Hastie, R. (2002). The reliability of the drm paradigm as a measure of indiv idual differences in false memories. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9(3), 590- 596. Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 164-169. Brainerd, C.]. Reyna, V. F., Wright, R., & Mojardin, A. H. (2003). Recollection rejection: False-memory editing in children and adults. Psychological Review, 110, 762-784. Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J., (1971). The abstraction of linguistic Ideas. Cognitive Psychology 2, 331-350. Cann, D. R., McRae, K., & Katz, A. N. (2011). False recall in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm: The roles of gist and associative strength. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(8), 1515-1542. Coolican, H. (2009). Research methods and statistics in psychology. London: Routledge. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 11, 671-684. Daneman, M. and Carpenter, P. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading.Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 19(4), pp.450–466. Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. Frenda, S. J., Nichols, R. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2012). Current issues and advances in misinformation research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 20-23. Gallo, D. (2013). Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks. USA: Psychology Press. Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory and Cognition, 38(7), 833-848. Graves, D. F., & Altarriba, J. (2014). False Memories in Bilingual Speakers. In Foundations of Bilingual Memory (pp. 205-221). New York: Springer Grosjean, F. (1989). Neurolinguistics, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person. Brain and language, 36, 3-15. Ho lliday, R., Kang, S., & Lee, K. (2003, November). False memory effects on spoken word recognition among bilingual speakers. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Vancouver, Canada. Hunt, R. R., Smith, R. E., & Dunlap, K. R. (2011). How does distinctive processing reduce false recallJournal of memory and language, 65(4), 378-389.Johnson, M.K., Hashtroudi, S. & Lindsay, D.S. (1993) Source monitoring. Psychol. Bull. 114, 3–28. Johnson, M.K. (1981). A multiple-entry, modular memory system cited in G.H Bower (ed) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 17) pp. 81–123. Koriat, A., Pansky, A., & Goldsmith, M. (2011). An output-bound perspective on false memories: The case of the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Successful remembering and successful forgetting: A Festschrift in Honor of Robert A. Bjork, 301-332. LaTour, K. A., LaTour, M. S., & Brainerd, C. (2014). Fuzzy Trace Theory and â€Å" Smart† False Memories: Implications for Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 43(1), 3-17. Lindberg, M. (2005). Memory recognition for monolingual and bilingual speakers. Lulea University of Technology. Bachelor of Education Programmes, Department of Educational Sciences. . Retrieved from: http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1595/2005/06/LTU-PED-EX-0506-SE.pdf Accessed 27/04/14 Loftus, E. F. (1979). The malleability of human memory: Information we view after we view and incident can transform memory. American Scientist, 67(3), 312-320. Loftus, E. F. (1997). Memory for a past that never was. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6(3), 60-65. Loftus, E. F. (2013). Eyewitness testimony in the Lockerbie bombing case. Memory, 21(5), 584-590. Loftus, E. F., & Hoffman, H. G. (1989). Misinformation and memory: The creation of new memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118(1), 100-104. Marmolejo, G., Dilberto-Macaluso, K. A., & Altarriba, J. (2009). False memory in bilingual s: Does switching languages increase false memoriesThe American Journal of Psychology. 122(1), 1-16. Martin, C. D., Costa, A., Dering, B., Hoshino, N., Wu, Y. J., & Thierry, G. (2012). Effects of speed of word processing on semantic access: the case of bilingualism. Brain and language, 120(1), 61-65. Miyaji-Kawasaki, Y., Inoue, T., & Yama, H. (2003). Cross-linguistic false recognition: How do Japanese-dominant bilinguals process two languages: Japanese and EnglishPsychologia, 46(4), 255-267. Paivio, A. (2014). Bilingual Dual Coding Theory and Memory. In Foundations of Bilingual Memory (pp. 41-62). New York: Springer Patihis, L., Frenda, S. J., LePort, A. K., Petersen, N., Nichols, R. M., Stark, C. E., & Loftus, E. F. (2013). False memories in highly superior autobiographical memory individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(52), 20947-20952. Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and Individual Differences, 7 (1), 1-75. Reyna, V. F., & Kiernan, B. (1994). Development of gist versus verbatim memory in sentence recognition: Effects of lexical familiarity, semantic content, encoding instructions, and retention interval. Developmental Psychology, 30(2), 178-191. Roediger III, H. L., & DeSoto, K. A. (2014). Confidence and memory: Assessing positive and negative correlations. Memory, 22(1), 76-91. Roediger III, H. L., & McDemott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814. Salame, P. & Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Phonological factors in STM: Similarity and the unattended speech effect. Bulletin of Psychonomic Society. 24(4). 253-265. Sahlin, B., Harding, M. & Seamon, J. (2005). When do false memories cross language boundaries in English—Spanish bilinguals?. Memory & cognition, 33(8), pp.1414-1421. Schrauf, R. W. (2000). Bilingual autobiographical memory: Experimental studies and clinical cases. Culture and Psychology, 6, 387-417. Service, E., Simola, M., Metsanheimo, O. & Maury, S. (2002). Bilingual working memory span is affected by language skill. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 14(3). 383-408. Shaw, J. S., Garcia, L. A., & Robles, B. E. (1997). Cross-language post event misinformation effects in spanish-english bilingual witnesses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 889- 899. Thapar, A., & McDermott, K. B. (2001). False recall and false recognition induced by presentation of associated words: Effects of retention interval and level of processing. Memory and Cognition, 29(3), 424-432. Toglia, M. P., Neuschatz, J. S., & Goodwin, K. A. (1999). Recall accuracy and illusory memories: When more is less. Memory, 7(2), 233-256. Tousignant, J. P., Hall, D. & Loftus, E. F. (1986). Discrepancy detenction and vulnerability to misleading post event information. 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The Hessian essays

The Hessian essays Living in a divided society based upon the religions of the Puritans and the Quakers, Evan Feversham sought out his own religious faith through his daily interactions with both religious groups. Evan Feversham was a very cynical man who had been witness to far to many wars and sorrowfulness. In a world already so full of hate and distress, he could no longer bear to witness such horrible acts of cruelty upon the suffering, yet he dealt with them each day being a doctor. He was a man of reason, attempting to solve his problems with plain and simple reasoning, for he did not believe in much anymore due to the events he had witnessed with his own eyes. From the very early ages of his life, Feversham had very little faith in God, for he felt that God had let him down by allowing the death of his father. From that point on, he had witnessed countless other deaths through participation in numerous wars and being a doctor. He was a man with very little faith in mankind, for all he saw were the death and misery that others inflicted upon each other. He began to lose more and more of his faith in God and began to reason more about why things happened and were the way there wer e. Through his daily interactions with both the Puritans and the Quakers, Evan Feversham appreciated both religious groups a bit better and picked up some of their religious beliefs. Dr. Feversham and Squire Hunt did not like each other a bit, for they shared different views about Gods word. ...and I say let them go, let them go back on their lousy ship and sail away, and then perhaps, we can live the way God meant us to. Will you read me Gods word, Feversham? Ill read you some an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (35) Dr. Feversham thought that Squire Hunt was a brutal man acting upon his emotions and never giving himself time to reason. It seemed that every time Dr. Feversham got together wi ...

The Contributions of Marcus Garvey.

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How to Pick Your College Classes

How to Pick Your College Classes The main reason youre in school is to earn your degree. Picking good courses at the right time and in the right order is, therefore, critical to your success. Talk to Your Advisor No matter how big or small your school is, you should have an adviser who helps make sure you are on track to earning your degree. Check in with them, no matter how sure you are about your choices. Not only does your adviser most likely need to sign off on your selections, but he or she can also help alert you to things you may not even have considered. Make Sure Your Schedule Has Balance Dont set yourself up for failure by thinking you can handle more courses than you usually take, all with labs and heavy workloads. Make sure your schedule has some balance: varying levels of difficulty, varying subject matters (when possible) so you arent using one part of your brain 24 hours a day, varying due dates for major projects and exams. Each course may be fine in and of itself, but when combined to create a killer schedule, they all may turn out to be a big mistake. Think About Your Learning Style Do you learn better in the morning? In the afternoon? Do you learn better in a huge classroom, or in a smaller section setting? See what options you can find within a department our course section and pick something that matches best with your learning style. Aim to Pick Strong Professors Do you know you absolutely love a certain professor in your department? If so, see if you can take a course with him or her this semester, or if it would be wiser to wait until a later time. If youve found a professor with whom you intellectually click, taking another class from him or her can help you get to know him or her better and possibly lead to other things, like research opportunities and letters of recommendation. If youre unfamiliar with professors on campus but know that you learn best from a professor who engages a class (instead of one who only lectures), ask around and check online to see what experience other students have had with various professors and their teaching styles. Consider Your Work Schedule and Other Commitments Do you know that you absolutely must have an on-campus job? Do you need an internship for your major? If so, will it require you to work days? Consider taking a class or two that meets in the evenings. Do you know you work best when you can plop yourself down in the library for eight hours straight? Try to avoid taking classes on Friday so that you can use it as a work day. Planning around your known commitments can help reduce your stress level once the semester is moving ahead at full-steam.

Life Stages and Financial Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Trompenaars. Leading Change and Organizational Culture - Essay Example Thereafter, Trompenaars points out the common mistakes that are made by managers while dealing with culturally diverse workforces. The first one, according to him, is that most organisations still consider cultural issues secondary, and give them less priority on the belief that culture has nothing to do with the main business transaction (Craven). According to Trompenaars, if cultural issues are to be tackled, it is necessary to identify the origin of cultural values. Then only the organisations can develop effective norms and values. In other words, simply learning the norms and values of a culture will not help solve the issue. The second mistake, according to Trompenaars, is that organisations do not identify culture as a compliance issue. However, he reminds the fact that if cultural issues are not identified and solved, it can even lead to legal disputes. In the opinion of Trompenaars, in the 21st century, it is necessary for organisations to develop transcultural competence, which means the competence to reconcile dilemmas or to integrate opposites (Craven). At this point is wise to see what Levine, Phipps, and Blythe prefer to say about cultural differences. According to Levine, Phipps, and Blythe (16), linguistic and cultural pluralism is more than the mere coexistence of different languages; and it is about transcultural circulation of values across borders, the negotiation of identities, the inversions, even inventions of meaning, often concealed by a common illusion of effective communication. Trompenaars points out the fact that the currently available leadership literature is regionally biased. He gives the example of English, French, and Chinese literatures. It is pointed out that there is the need for more works on multi-cultural teams. In other words, the new leadership should transcend culture. According to Trompenaars, to effectively handle cross-cultural diversity, it is necessary to adopt reconciliation. According to Trompenaars, the first step of reconciliation is to let others be themselves. In simple terms, reconciliation is the understanding of how the perspectives of other cultures can help ones own culture. In others words, reconciliation calls for the fusion of two extremes; considering and accommodating the other culture. Trompenaars point out the fact that there are different ways of dealing with other cultures; ignoring other cultures, abandoning ones own culture, and reconciliation. In his words, in the modern world of business, an important factor for success of organisations is their ability to ‘celebrate differences’. In the opinion of Trompenaars, cultural is not a secondary entity, but is the contextual environment around all transactions in an organisation; financial, market, political, and technological. According to him, the success or future performance of an organ isation is no more identified based on its financial performance, but on its ability to handle local cultures. So, he proposes Process Principle Optimization based on five major principles instead of the usual ROI. The five principles, according to him, are corporate effectiveness, the client, the employee, the shareholder, and societal responsibility. So, according to him, the modern businesses should seek ways to improve their local learning so that they can increase their global access. In other words, in the modern business world, integration of values helps organisations ensure sustainable business performance for the long term. 2. According to Trompenaars, the modern leadership and management, to be effective, should have transcultural

Norwegian Health System Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Norwegian Health System - Term Paper Example In this context, the National Insurance Administration (NIS) commonly known as â€Å"Trygdeetaten† ensures that everybody has an access to a basic level of welfare. In doing this, the NIS provides various benefits for accidents, illness, birth, pregnancy, bodily defects, death, disability, old age, and unemployment. Non-citizens who work or live in Norway are obligated to contribute a certain amount that caters their health care while living and working in the country. Norway’s medical facilities are of high quality and widely available, though they are limited in the rural areas. The sparse and the remote population in Northern Norway and the reliance on ferries to transport medical facilities interrupt transportation thus hindering access to medical facilities in these rural areas. In trying to provide equitable services to its population, all Norwegians are insured by the NIS (National Insurance Scheme). Through NIS, all Norwegian residents and citizens are covered. With this regard, the aim of this paper is to discuss the Norwegian health care system, and illustrate the unique issues that the country faces in trying to provide equitable services to its population and the measures enacted to deal with this issue. The paper will further evaluate what the national government is doing to organize, coordinate and finance these services. NORWEGIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS Background In brief, Norway is a country in Northern Europe that has a population of 4.6 Million and a landmass of 324,220Km2. Studies outline that, Norway ranks among the richest countries globally given that, it is the World’s third largest oil exporter (Johnsen, 2006). The country is also rich in various resources such as Fish, petroleum, timber, minerals, hydropower and natural gas. The Norwegian economy is stable since the government controls major areas such as international prices, petroleum sector, and gas prices. As mentioned earlier, Norwegian health care system is very expensive, and to ensure that all citizens have an access to medical services, all residents and citizens are insured through NIS. Medical facilities are of high quality, which augment better outcome in health care delivery. The country has an exceptional standard of obligatory state funded medical care that consists of well-trained medical staff. The ministry of healthy ensures that all health professionals are carrying out their duties professionally for better health outcome. As a result, the health system in Norway is exceptional and perceived to be among the best health care systems globally. The cost of health care differs depending on the illness and treatment prescribed. However, there are relatively few charges for those who qualify but, prescription medicine are incurred at a charge. There are a number of cases where there is a relatively small cost on pregnant women, chronic diseases, and those who have just given birth. Significantly, there are high charges for dental t reatment though some citizens acquire free dental treatment particularly, under the age of eighteen. In this context, the fee of the prescribed medicine falls into two groups that include blue and white class. In this case, white class medicines are entitled for free while blue classes are subsidized. The private sector does not play a significant role in Norway because of an excellent standard of the country’s healthcare. This is because private insurers issue complementary health insurance to citizens who receive treatment such as plastic surgery. In essence, private

One of the primary aims of copyright is to ensure society is rich with Essay

One of the primary aims of copyright is to ensure society is rich with creative works. Without copyright creators would not create new works. Discuss - Essay Example Pirating copyrighted products is an inexpensive venture since pirates only need a computer, internet access, and power to run the computer (Waldfogel 2012, p. 44). In addition, available digital technology boosts the ability to produce excellent copies. Worldwide losses due to infringement of copyrights are estimated to be $4.2 billion per year. To put it into perspective, in 2005, motion picture industry and the software industry reported losses estimated at $ 18.2 and $34 billion respectively. Today, digital piracy is the primary issue of concern, which calls for a thorough understanding of its driving forces. It is worth noting that a majority of today’s issues relating to digital piracy relate to the evolution of computing era (Cronan & Al-Rafee 2006, p.238). However, advancements in technology are also vital in the protection of copyrighted products as well as digital rights management. On the other hand, pirates have strived to make use of technology to â€Å"hack† or â€Å"crack† protected contents. The only option left for copyright owners includes finding strong legal protection against copyright infringement. The legal system has agreed that technological advancements have the potential to circumvent the legal system, and leave a poor intellectual property framework (Matsuura 2009, p. 25). The ability to store data in a binary format is the cause of digital piracy (Fenwick & Locks 2010, p. 18). From this point, this paper will look into forms of digital piracy (media and software piracy), their incidences and motivating factors. It would also be crucial to look into some of the technologies applied in fighting digital piracy. Other than technologies, the paper will also touch on copyright laws and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. To date, the media industry has suffered heavy losses due to increased rates of digital piracy. Information generated through digital media is easy to represent

Workplace, Health and Safety Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Workplace, Health and Safety - Coursework Example Act 1974. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act demarcates the level of responsibilities and liabilities of people involved in enforcing health and safety regulations in workplaces. Section 2 of the said Act makes it clear that it is the employer’s duty to look after the safety and health concerns of the employees. The machinery and equipment being used for work must be well maintained and dangerous substances should not be used or should be used appropriately. The employer has to educate, inform and train the employees to deal with risks that they face on a daily basis. The particular health and safety policy of a workplace must be documented by the employer and should be provided to the employees. The trade union of the employees has the right to nominate its own safety representatives. The employer must under all conditions consult the safety representatives of the trade union before formulating and enforcing health and safety policies. Employers as well as self employed i ndividuals are also required to ensure the health and safety of non employees who work or visit the site as per Section 3. The non employee status individuals must be informed, educated and if required trained to deal with various risks on site. In case that dangers are present on a work site that the lay man cannot understand, the access to the site is limited as per Section 4. Again the site owner or the management of the premises have a duty to ensure the health and safety of the individuals accessing the site for any purpose. In order to guarantee the health and safety of all and sundry the Act provides to limit emissions as per Section 5. Other than this, any tools, equipment or substances being used on site must be made safe before use as per Section 6. If it is not possible to make these objects safe then it is the employer’s responsibility to inform, educate and train the people using these articles. These individuals could be employees as well as non employees. The m anufacturer of these articles must also ensure that the risks posed by these items is reduced to whatever extent possible. The employee also has certain duties to ensure the health and safety at the workplace under Section 7. The employee must conform to all instructions provided by the employer in order to ensure his own safety and the safety of other people around him. In addition any instructions issued by a statutory body applicable to health and safety must also be accounted for. Obstruction or impeding the duties outlined in sections 2 to 7 of the subject Act leaves one susceptible to prosecution under law as a criminal as per Section 33. When the Act was enforced in the mid seventies, it created two bodies namely the Health and Safety Commission as well as the Health and Safety Executive. These bodies were coalesced in 2008 and are now known as the Health and Safety Executive. This new body has the responsibility to enforce the Act. 2) Using words and necessary diagrams and r eferring to: a) negligence b) employers’ liability c) occupiers liability d) breach of statutory duty explain the basis of the English system of fault-based civil liability for accidents at work. The English common law system provides that negligence arises from carelessness and not from an intentional act. Negligence may be prosecuted under law or it may be forgiven depending on the circumstances and on relevant case law. Typically in the case of health and safety regulations any violations in Sections 2 to 8 of the Act are treated as punishable offences whether intended or based on negligence. The duties of employers and occupiers are nearly the same except for informing, educating and training the people employed by them whether directly or indirectly. In case that

One of the primary aims of copyright is to ensure society is rich with Essay

One of the primary aims of copyright is to ensure society is rich with creative works. Without copyright creators would not create new works. Discuss - Essay Example Pirating copyrighted products is an inexpensive venture since pirates only need a computer, internet access, and power to run the computer (Waldfogel 2012, p. 44). In addition, available digital technology boosts the ability to produce excellent copies. Worldwide losses due to infringement of copyrights are estimated to be $4.2 billion per year. To put it into perspective, in 2005, motion picture industry and the software industry reported losses estimated at $ 18.2 and $34 billion respectively. Today, digital piracy is the primary issue of concern, which calls for a thorough understanding of its driving forces. It is worth noting that a majority of today’s issues relating to digital piracy relate to the evolution of computing era (Cronan & Al-Rafee 2006, p.238). However, advancements in technology are also vital in the protection of copyrighted products as well as digital rights management. On the other hand, pirates have strived to make use of technology to â€Å"hack† or â€Å"crack† protected contents. The only option left for copyright owners includes finding strong legal protection against copyright infringement. The legal system has agreed that technological advancements have the potential to circumvent the legal system, and leave a poor intellectual property framework (Matsuura 2009, p. 25). The ability to store data in a binary format is the cause of digital piracy (Fenwick & Locks 2010, p. 18). From this point, this paper will look into forms of digital piracy (media and software piracy), their incidences and motivating factors. It would also be crucial to look into some of the technologies applied in fighting digital piracy. Other than technologies, the paper will also touch on copyright laws and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. To date, the media industry has suffered heavy losses due to increased rates of digital piracy. Information generated through digital media is easy to represent

Social responsibility of business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social responsibility of business - Essay Example Given the traits of a sentient being, while dismissive of any moral or ethical responsibility, the state of the corporation is placed in a space between responsibilities. The responsibility of the corporation to its owners relieving it of any responsibility to society, the shareholders are relieved of blame because they are largely unaware of the day to day decision making, while the CEO is relieved of blame because he is making decisions that support the interests of the owners. As Friedman makes his argument, he is discussing the concept of corporation in the framework of the shareholder model of corporate governance, which is the more popular form of governance in the United States. UK corporations also uses this model as the foundation of its principles of governance, but Japan, Germany, and most of the other European states use the stakeholder model of corporate governance (Barker 2010: 33-35). Friedman states that â€Å"In a free enterprise, private property system, a corporat e executive is an employee of the owners of the business... (His) responsibility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires†. ... According to what Friedman (1970) is presenting, his belief supports the idea that businesses should rise and fail according to the ability to scramble to the top or get lost in the battle towards that end. The current issues that dairy farmers are faced with are an example of why this belief system is not conducive to sustainability. Food growth and nurturing is one of the more important industries for all human societies. Dairy farmers have had an increasingly difficult time in the UK and have been disappearing as a consequence. Evidence of the difficulties of dairy farms is that there were 300 dairy farms on the Isle of Wight during the 1960s, but only 15 remain (Findon 2010). Supermarkets are unwilling to pay a decent price to the farms and in the end they are forced to close their doors. Although those that are still left have been hoping that the price of dairy would rebound, it has stayed at a steady low, creating a business dynamic through which the costs of keeping their doo rs open is more than the benefit of maintaining their business (Findon 2010). In the case of the dairy farms, the stakeholder model of corporate governance must be put into place in order to create sustainability. Dairy products are necessary in the public domain, but high prices on dairy products do not do anything good for anyone. At the same time, dairy farms need to be able to sustain their position or they are only spinning their wheels and falling towards the inevitability of failure, which might cause a natural correction in prices due to scarcity of the product, but is not in the best interests of anyone. Darwinian thinking about businesses creates a dynamic

Sixth Sense Technology Essay Example for Free

Sixth Sense Technology Essay As human beings we are most concerned about physical and digital information. We are growing up with the physical objects around us. We are really fond of interacting with physical objects instead of computing devices. Sixth Sense Technology is a mini-projector coupled with a camera and a cell phone which acts as the computer and connected to the Cloud, all the information stored on the web [4]. Before implementing the sixth sense technology the inventor tried to combine the physical world to digital world creating a gesture interface device that actually acts as a motion sensing device. The basic idea behind this is always objects are connected with gestures that are used to interact with both objects and each other. The first thought was basically regarding taking part of the physical world to the digital world by implementing things like sticky notes coming to a sms or a meeting reminder, writing query connected with paper input output system, pen can draws 3D images and Google map without searching key words. Thus computing became so intuitive. The goal was to connect these two worlds in the first. However we know that people don’t like computing [4]. The reverse operation of previously mentioned concept that is taking digital world to physical world occurred due to the reason human is really interested about information. They want to know about things, basically about the dynamic things going around them. The technology is called as sixth sense technology since it is out of our familiar five senses. This technology is based on wearable gestural user friendly interface which links the physical world around us with digital information and uses hand gestures to interact with them. Thus this becomes a vital issue since people get more aware about their day to day information and this technology provides you a way to carry your digital world always with you wherever you go. Sometime ago these things were amazing and nowadays with this technology people’s lives have become more convenient and informative. By this I’m thrilled to research about the way of connecting two worlds, the technology behind sixth sense and what are the uses of this and further improvements since I’m fond of finding ways of interacting with world of information. . Background and motivation The physical world is set to blur into the digital with the invention of a new ‘sixth sense’ device. This is specifically designed with mobility in mind. And if this new prototype manages to see the commercial light of day, it could hold the potential to become the preferred option for multi-touch devices worldwide. The genius behind this technology, Pranav Mistry says i t’s all about integrating the virtual world with reality and it can really let you connect as a sixth sense device with whatever is in front of you. I’m really enthusiastic in this research area of sixth sense technology since I’m searching for a way to interact with these two worlds and information out of the scope which is always with regard to our five senses. On the other hand it’s an amazing idea to carry our digital world with us where ever we go. This is a wearable gestural interface. We are all human beings. As you I’m always keen on making aware of dynamic information. Imagine that we can experience a live discussion while reading a news paper and we can dial a number on our palm and make a call. We can use any surface to modify our information. Therefore we can pinch many physical things to our digital world. I was so motivated to this technology since it will help us to take better decisions about day to day lives by using instant dynamically changed information. It makes our task effective and efficient. Before the arrival of sixth sense technology the inventor implemented a way to connect part of physical world to digital world. What we are doing physically is replicated in digital world. I’m so interested in learning about that area since it was the approach for the concept of sixth sense technology. And this technology is open source. If we are interested in this we can make our own sensing device. Still some of the testings are done on to make this more advanced. The concept is always with regard of connecting these two worlds. 3. The thrilling potential of sixth sense technology Sixth sense is a wearable gestural interface device that augments the physical world with digital information and lets people use natural hand gestures to interact with that information. The prototype implements several applications that demonstrate the usefulness, viability and flexibility of the system like map application, the drawing application and freehand gestures (postures). The device is comprised of a pocket projector, a mirror, a camera, mobile component and colored markers. This is basically for carrying digital world to the every day physical life. We know that people are really interested to use objects , gestures they are familiar instead of sitting in front of a machine and computing devices. Firstly the researches were carried for taking the physical objects to the digital world. These experiments are done by Pranav Mistry and his group in MIT. We know that when we talk about objects the gestures automatically connected with them. So this was his first thought and implementation. Then he thought about reverse operation since people always need information. You can carry digital information source with you. This device recognizes the objects around us displaying information automatically and letting us to access it in any way we need. The technology allows the user to draw icons or symbols in the air using the movement of the index finger and recognizes the symbols as interaction instructions.

Business Strategies Between Regionalisation And Globalisation Commerce Essay

Business Strategies Between Regionalisation And Globalisation Commerce Essay The global market is a tough nut to crack. A company or an organisation must be competitive enough in order to penetrate this market. Todays competition for business supremacy has always been a battle. Its a battle on who will be the best, a battle that the end winner will be determine by the organisations ability to compete against other competitors. Competition is like a bottle neck road, who ever goes in first always have the advantage against the other. Because the domestic and international market undergoes a never ending phase, an organisation must be capable to adapt to these constant changes. A companys capacity to change should be given consideration. Discrepancy between an organisation capacity and the demands of its customers results in an inefficiency, either in under-utilised company resources or unfulfilled customers. Maybe, most of the organisations today want to initiate a management system and strategy that could maintain the organisations capability, strength and co mpetitiveness. And this is important for the management teams and the organisations per se that they would always be open minded for changes that they might encounter in order to cope and adapt to the latest development that are happening within and outside their environment. Businesses are continuously evolving just to maintain progress and being competitive. However, being competitive in international business arena should conform to the concepts in international trade such as globalisation and regionalisation. Globalisation and regionalisation are concepts known in international trade and businesses. These concepts are always attached in describing transactions done in international business arena. Basically, this paper, will be assessing the paper of Proff (2002) entitled Business unit strategies between regionalisation and globalisation. In his paper, Proff, (2002) argued that Regionalisation do not actually opposed the concept of Globalisation. Regionalisation does not create or build blocks towards globalisations. From the results of his assessment using the so-called cluster analysis, he justified that Regionalisation especially to those outside the triad-markets was actually creating a path towards grasping the idea of Globalisation- an open regionalisation. Assessment From the presentation of Proff (2002), he identifies that globalisation has lowered trade barriers in different economies making it easier for investments to flow across markets. Through benefiting from involvement in other economies the flow of capital from one economy to another intensified. Access to raw materials and resources, cost savings from lowering labour and operating costs, and expansion to other markets prove the benefit for investors when engaging in foreign investments. Basically, globalisation and trade reform are credited with improved income growth and poverty reduction in much of developing world. Empirical evidence points to the growth-inducing effects of open economies, where long term growth is like the rising tide, lifting all the boats, including those of the poor. Reality, however, is often more complicated. As described in the paper of Proff (2002), many organisations especially to those outside the triad-market have not reaped the perceived benefit of globa lisation but instead considering the advantage of regionalisation. Apparently, regionalisation via membership to trade organisations as shown in the paper of Proff (2002) and market integration has also made international trade appealing. As describe, the concept of regionalisation establishes long-term interests with expectations of high returns on investment. Furthermore, national governments who lost control of the traditional means of promoting local competitiveness by lowering trade barriers and exchange rate policies have allowed competitiveness to diminish in importance. Basically, governments turned to consider international trade as a means of improving their economies which was actually seen and based from the perspective of investors and recipient firms and economies. Actually, regionalisation can be characterized process on the regional stage with the assistance of governments. These regional consideration shows to be the express result of governmental exploits initiating regional trade administrations and making deeper assimilation of detach economies on the regional height. Regionalisation is a fresh occurrence. As described by Proff (2002) in his paper, regionalisation conforms to the intensification of investment and intra-regional trade, each suggest a procedure of deeper behind-the-border industrial incorporation. Within this course of regionalising economies liberalisation is seen as a power that assists in guiding the people and economies resources into actions where they are most expected to stand out. In basic assumptions, regionalisation materialises as a power that alleviates the outcomes of globalisation by pooling governmental policies and also pays off for the loss of national policy sovereignty. But as justified in the paper of Pr off (2002), regionalisation does not actually alleviate the outcomes of globalisation but instead it guides the organisation to grasp globalisation process. This creates regionalisation as a training ground or an arena for an organisation to learn the context of globalisation even though the organisation was outside the triad-market. Basically, the notion of region as an arena for the development of learning organisation is a complex concept. Relatively few cases of actual development are thoroughly researched, and most of the research done on the learning region in general does not focus on work organisation. What can be seen, however, from the cases that have been made subject to research, is that although one may talk about regions they are much smaller than the configurations generally associated with this notion. There is a need either for a multi-level notion of region or for another concept that can cover units that can function as a context for the development of learning organisation. So far, the concept of learning region may be the best option since it indicates that not any region falls under the concept but only regions that fulfil certain requirements. Another possibility is territory, but this concept may be seen as somewhat too geographical. On the other hand, it may not be a need for a sharply featured concept. The units that seem best able to promote learning organisation may be seen as end points on a scale where most real situations will occur in between; they will have some element of learning region but not all and will show variations in their ability to promote learning organisation. At the moment, the notion of learning region functions first and foremost through its ability to draw attention to the need for a democratic order with the ability to generate trust as the core condition for learning organisation. It is even possible to turn back to some of the historical cases and reinterpret them in the light of this point. As justified in the paper of Proff (2002), the notion of regionalisation was actually a good training ground or learning arena for considering the idea of globalisation. The internationally most well known example of systematic efforts to promote learning oriented forms in a large industrial corporation may be the Swedish automobile producer Volvo, a development that occurred during the two decades when Gyllenhammar was chief executive (Graehl, S., Fiumlchtner, Rentz, 2002). With its many plants and numerous managerial hierarchies and expert groups, its co-operation with unions and employees and its broad use of research and consultants, Volvo fulfilled many of the characteristics of a learning region (Graehl, S., Fiumlchtner, Rentz, 2002). In line with the single company, however, the efforts to spearhead this kind of development came to an end with the retirement of Gyllenhammar. In most cases management driven change lasts for much shorter periods of time. With placing the learn ing region in focus the intention is, consequently, not only to introduce a new reference point for organisation development in addition to the individual enterprise or for that matter units within each enterprise, such as groups or departments but also to point at the shortcomings of some of the established ones. Basically, Graehl, S., Fiumlchtner, Rentz, (2002) argued that the kind of drift towards regionalisation indicated above can be se seen as an example of a tendency that has acquired major proportions on the international scene: in some form or other regionalisation occurs in major parts of the world today. Against this background it is important to emphasise that this kind of process occurs for many different reasons and that the reasons underlying the above examples are only some of those that are operative within this area. It is also important to emphasise that far from all processes towards regionalisation have anything to do with work organisation. Furthermore, the reasons are not new in the sense that they have been emerging only in recent years. When the movement towards learning oriented forms of work organisation started with field experiments and other cases, a process of bottom-up learning was introduced and the challenges posed by such a process are dominating the agenda today as in the period immediately after the first experimental changes. What differs is first and foremost the view on how bottom-up learning can take place. For a long time the idea that single cases could be abstracted from their contexts and provide a basis directly for learning processes involving many organisations was maintained. Actually, what happens today is first and foremost a break with these perspectives to instead build the learning processes bottom-up without shortcuts. What this implies varies, between countries and even regions. New demands are placed on all the actors involved and how well they are met today and will be met in the future differs as well. One of the challenges is to handle the notion of learning region as an evolutionary phenomenon, often emerging from a smaller group of actors, growing through network formations and eventually including political-administrative actors. From this platform the growth can continue into formations where several units join each other to form broader regions. Fixed boundaries and given administrative dividing lines will block this kind of development. Learning regions will have to be defined according to the learning process and this has in itself fluid boundaries. From this assessment, it is evident that business operations across national borders are becoming the trend in the current era. And this trend continuously grows because of globalisation and regionalisation. In response to this globalisation and regionalisation issues, multinational corporations tend operate in other countries to have excellent advantage. According to Amponsah (2001), globalisation or regionalisation whether it is in or out the triad-market but the eagerness of a certain business organisation to operate across borders was there it always involves two dimension i.e. change in economic operations of various countries, and change in the participants of global economic operations. Conclusion In the development of globalisation and regionalisation are closely related and often interact. Of course, one could argue that the marketin other words, effective competitionshould be the sole determinant of providers attitudes toward customers, in particular the services to be supplied and to whom and in what quantity. Then, a situation would develop where only competition authorities intervene, because the sectoral regulator would have disappeared from the scene. From the previous discussion, regionalisation in accordance to organisations competitiveness continues to be regarded as a major element of economic reforms in most countries. In the majority of developing countries, it is an important component of the structural adjustment package sponsored by multilateral institutions. It has become geographically more widespread and has increasingly involved the telecommunications, energy and water sectors. Foreign investment linked to liberalisation has also become more prominent in d eveloping countries. However, while regionalisation can bring about benefits under certain conditions, transfer of ownership is by no means a sufficient condition for improved performance of firms and setting off economic growth. In other words, if regionalisation with respect to competitiveness is to benefit the organisations, the challenges facing these organisations have to be properly identified so as to inform policy makers and the necessary actions have to be taken to overcome them. In addition, the governments must regularly inform the public about the goals of competitiveness and regionalisation and explain how achieving these goals benefit their citizens and nations. Governments must also carefully analyse the political impediments to investment liberalisation and must develop plans to eliminate them. Introducing more market competition and effective state regulation may be crucial in ensuring that economic performance improves. In addition, a wider range of institutional issues, including improving political, legal, management and financial capacity within organisations will affect the impact of regionalisation on performance when regionalisation occurs in organisations outside the triad-market. With respect to globalisation, liberalisation and openness should be promoted which will in turn promote market discipline, competition, better corporate governance and public accountability. Disciplined and prudential regulations should be introduced in the financial sector where incomplete liberalisation has taken place. This can help prevent the continuation of state directed credit to funds, which often lead to misallocation of resources. In conclusion, the development of globalisation or even regionalisation faces several obstacles challenges which all have to be tamed by countries governments before substantial benefits can be realised. It is worth noting that competition law can improve economic performance but performance improvement heavily relies also on other structural reforms like liberalisation and regulation and the ability of developing countries to overcome the numerous challenges that they face during the investment liberalisation process. From here, the different strategies in different markets especially to those considering the international market helped the organisation have an initial feel of the different markets. The different strategies also helped the organisation have a better understanding of how the market works. The different markets help in introducing to the organisation the cultures and characteristics of the markets thus it became educated with how to adjust in the different setting. Lastly, the different strategies helped in making sure that the organisation encounters lesser problems while starting up a new market. By using different strategies with proper consideration towards globalisation and regionalisation, the organisation has not committed anything that will give it more problems.