Research Essay Outline Example

<h1>Research Essay Outline Example</h1><p>A inquire about article is a crucial piece of any understudy's instruction and gives the premise to their last grade. The most ideal approach to get your examination exposition recording is by utilizing an exploration paper plot as a guide, be that as it may on the off chance that you don't know how to approach this, at that point you'll be passing up probably the best methods out there.</p><p></p><p>There are different instruments that can assist you with looking into appropriately yet in the event that you need to accomplish the best outcomes from them, you have to ensure that you have an arrangement set up in advance. Consequently, it's significant that you follow an examination exposition diagram model. This will enable you to realize what configuration to utilize and give you thoughts with regards to how to make the diagram that you want.</p><p></p><p>However, this is only one of numerous techniques out there for making a decent layout, and it's surely not a strategy that will get you an 'A' grade on your last report. This doesn't mean, notwithstanding, that it's not valuable, and it can assist you with getting thoughts down, so you're ready to follow an examination paper diagram example.</p><p></p><p>An plot is just a technique for sorting out a report into areas, which are then separated into parts and subsections. This causes the peruser to comprehend the primary thought of the paper better and you can discover an examination exposition plot guide to use from different spots online.</p><p></p><p>The layout ought to be clear and to the point, and when you consider it, it truly doesn't need to be excessively entangled. For whatever length of time that it furnishes you with a framework for the primary concerns you need to cover, you ought to have the option to follow an exploration article diagram examp le.</p><p></p><p>When composing an examination paper, you should utilize the data that you've revealed so as to help your contentions. This implies you ought to have the option to introduce your contentions so that makes them additionally persuading to the reader.</p><p></p><p>If you don't know how to do this, an examination exposition layout model will give you thoughts with regards to what structure works best. From this diagram, you ought to have the option to make an all the more convincing layout that you can follow to begin your examination paper composing process.</p><p></p><p>By following an exploration exposition plot model, you ought to have the option to develop a decent framework and should think that its simpler to follow also. This will guarantee that you have a greatly improved possibility of getting a passing mark on your last report.</p>

Choosing a Writing Essay Service

Choosing a Writing Essay ServiceIf you have your own school project or another writing assignment that needs to be completed by a specific deadline, you may want to look into hiring a writing service from a writing essay company. These companies are well known for the quality work they provide to students. The professionals who run these types of services understand that all too often, they are the last option for many students. You will find that the best services will be available to assist you with any problems that may come up in the writing process.When you consider the value of an essay writing service, there are a few things that you should look for when you are going through the process. First, you want to make sure that the company has a good reputation for providing quality work. You want to take a look at the name of the company as well as the company's contact information. There is no reason to spend your time trying to figure out how to get in touch with a writing essay company that does not even have a phone number listed. Make sure you choose a company that has a business address so that you can always have someone to contact if you need them.You also want to make sure that the essay writing company that you choose has experience working with students. Since so many students are finding it difficult to obtain assistance, they are turning to this type of service in order to get the writing done. The company should have a lot of experience with college students and adults and can help you get all of the necessary information from all of the assignments that you need written.After you meet with a company, you will need to ask about how long it will take to get your assignment completed. You should be able to find out how long it will take for them to get to work on the assignment and how long they plan to take to write the essay. Some companies will work quickly and others will take time to get the essay written.You will also want to see how they co llect and send all of the assignments and essays that you need. You want to know if they send your assignments and essays by mail, online form, or in some other way that makes it easy for you to return the work and have it sent back to you. If you pay by credit card or check, you will want to see if the company charges for any fees associated with the service.Finally, you want to know if the company actually provides work for you to complete. Most of the writing services that you will find will have a list of topics for you to choose from. However, you will want to be sure that the topics are appropriate for the school or college that you are working for. Many students do not have a lot of experience when it comes to taking a writing assignment from scratch.While it is nice to have a list of topics for your essay ready, it can be easier to go to someone who will create the essay for you. You should also ask how much the service will charge for their services. You will want to know h ow much you will be expected to pay before you decide if the service is worth the cost. Not all writing services offer comparable prices and you should make sure that you know the cost before you sign up.The essay writing service that you choose should be able to help you meet your deadlines. The writers should be able to provide you with help that will make sure that the essay is completed in a timely manner. If you choose the right company, you will be happy with the work that you are able to complete and be proud of your work.

Topics That Can Be Used in Writing Your Social Problems Essay

Topics That Can Be Used in Writing Your Social Problems EssayA social problems essay is the standard writing assignment for secondary and post-secondary students. In many universities and colleges, it is considered to be a requirement that students are exposed to such topics as racism, gender and sexuality, and human rights.The essay assignment for these subjects is expected to expose students to current events and issues that affect every man, woman, and child in the world. In fact, just about all of society is affected by such problems. The solutions that can be found by discussing such issues are not the only ones that the writers must deal with, but the causes and social processes that affect the problem. This is where the power of an essay comes into play.The social problems essay is one of the most important writing assignments that students are required to complete at the end of their degree program. It is the foundation upon which other written assignments and projects are bu ilt upon. It allows for a broad topic understanding, interaction, and interaction with the world.Students are required to communicate ideas, learn about current events, develop solutions, and analyze the problem. The learning process is vital to the rest of the courses. The problem is that not all students are able to do well with such topics. One of the best ways to get around this is to write an essay on a topic that interests you.Most students may not have much knowledge or experience in the subject matter of their choice. This can be avoided by choosing a topic that you are passionate about. You may not know much about the subject, but if you are passionate about it, you may be able to write an essay that will express your thoughts in a more effective way.Students who are more interested in certain topics may also have a specific interest in them. This can be useful for determining the topic of the social problems essay. For example, if you are a fan of history, you may want to write a history essay, whereas, if you are a fan of technology, you may want to focus on that.Either way, the writing of an essay on the topic is vital to the completion of the course and its goal. Once you determine what you want to cover, the easiest way to come up with an essay is to start thinking about the topic, and then write about it. Many students have used this method and have written good essays based on the topics that they are passionate about.

Effects Of Binge On Children s Family - 1981 Words

This case study comprises of a sixteen-year-old female named Grace who immigrated to the United States with her family, seeking Asylum after fleeing from the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, Africa. Grace’s family was a part of the majority party of Hutus but in order to aid many people of the minority Tutsis party and fearing retribution they had to leave. In Africa, Grace was considered as a beautiful and intelligent female but in America she did not gain acceptance from her peers due to her appearance being seen as short, overweight and also being ostracized and teased by classmates within six months of entering high school. Grace develops symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa and begins to binge and purge several times a week. Analysis The necessary information that was acquired from the case study to determine whether or not Grace has the disorder of Bulimia Nervosa was from the Diagnostic Criteria. The Diagnostic Criteria shows that there should be recurrent episodes of binge eating with both eating in a specific period of time and during an episode having a sense of having lack of control. There should be more information on this part of the diagnostic criteria in the case study. She does have recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors of binging and purging several times in order to prevent weight gain. Her behaviors on average occur several times a week and have occurred for more than three months. Due to being teased by peers for appearance having to do with being short andShow MoreRelatedStrengths Case Study1448 Words   |  6 Pagesand restraint have children whose weight gain is less. The children also have lower amounts of excess body fat that can be measured by skinfolds. Additionally, the parents’ in Hood et al.’s (2000) study that had higher levels of disinhibition and dietary restraint had children who had higher body mass index’s, and greater increases in their measures of skin folds. Over the six-year period, the study revealed that when dietary restraint alone was measured, children had a skinfold increase of 52.1mmRead MoreAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and for social reasons, and generally they consume alcohol at levels that cause few adverse effects. However, a significant proportion of Australians take alcohol at levels that cause adverse effects. In many countries, Australia inclusive, disease, injury and a considerable burden of death is attributed to alcohol. Families and the broader community are also affected by alcohol-related harm. Some other reasons for taking alcohol include to enhance creativityRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Binge Drinking in College Students Binge drinking is when a person has more than four drinks, if female and five if male, in one sitting. While researching texts written about the negative effects of binge drinking in college students, I found articles and scholarly journals written by specialists in this specific field of study. These authors mainly focus on the fact that excessive binge drinking is detrimental to the quality of life and can alter your state of health in a negativeRead MoreYouth binge drinking1621 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿To what extent is youth violence, crimes and anti-social behaviour linked to youths binge drinking. Binge drinking can be defined as an excessive consumption of alcohol within a short period of time to get drunk. This essay will focus on how youth violence, crime and anti-social behaviour is linked to youths binge drinking. It is widely known that the youths in United Kingdom start drinking at an early stage of their lives. Talbot and Crabbe (n.d.) state that â€Å"government statistics suggest that†¦Read MoreAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and for social reasons, and generally they consume alcohol at levels that cause few adverse effects. However, a significant proportion of Australians take alcohol at levels that cause adverse effects. In many countries, Australia inclusive, disease, injury and a considerable burden of death is attributed to alcohol. Families and the broader community are also affected by alcohol-related harm. Some other reasons for taking alcohol include to enhance creativityRead MoreSympto ms And Symptoms Of Schizophreniform Disorder1630 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior, or negative symptoms, may present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period. Martin is a 21 year-old college student and he had psychotic symptoms, specifically delusions and hallucinations over the past few weeks. Martin’s family and friends have overheard him whispering in an agitated voice. Recently, Martin refused to use his cell phone, claiming that if he uses it, a deadly chip implanted in his brain by evil aliens will activate. At the same time, he has negative symptomsRead MoreAddiction : Substance Abuse And Addiction1602 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes it hurt the abuser directly, but it also becomes an enormous financial and social burden on society. Addiction wrecks families, and also highly correlates with poverty because the drug abuser ends up giving everything that they have to keep their addiction going. It also places extraordinarily high demands on the education, criminal justice, and social service systems. Children and babies both are dangerously impacted by the addiction of their parents and the same addiction is likely to even showRead MoreAlcoholism in College Students1558 Words   |  7 Pagesdate rapes and assaults, and 500,000 injuries each year as a result of alcohol. (McDonald) Although binge drinking (5+ drinks in one sitting) is considered a normal part of the college experience many factors contribute to whether or not an individual is more prone to be an abuser. Everyday, people are injured or killed in alcohol related accidents. These accidents have a direct effect on family and friends as well. Being one of few legal controlled substances in the U.S., alcohol is easily accessibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Children And Young People1498 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 14, 2012- 20-year old Adam Lanza fatally shoots 20 children and 6 adult staff members of Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, later shooting himself, making this incident the deadliest mass shooting at a high school or grade school in U.S. history. It may seem ridiculous to think that this was derived from video games. The Daily News reported that Lanza had many video games in his house promoting mass murder, school shootings, and gun violence, which police believed helpedRead MoreEating Disorders: A Life Threatening Mental Illness Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesmain eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. Although doctors still don’t fully understand what causes eating disorders, the disorder can affect someones body and mind years after getting over an eating disorder (Eating Disorder). An eating disorder is a life-threatening mental illness where someone has an abnormal or dangerous eating habit, which is brought on by past and present body views, family, or mental off-balances. There are many different options for

Challenges of Implementing Evidence Based Practice

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Implementing Evidence Based Practice. Answer: Introduction There has always been a disconnect between what IT systems do and what they were envisaged to do (Lyon, n.d.), (Wrubel, 2014). The customers do not always get the outcomes they desired from IT systems, despite a disproportionately large amounts of time and resources dedicated towards defining user requirements, following of the standard and fitting processes in developing the IT systems, and focusing on the functional characteristics of the IT system (Hillestad et al., 2005), (Kaplan and Norton, 2005). This has prompted a shift among researchers and stakeholders from focusing on the product and its functional capabilities through the process of development to the effects and outcomes of the IT project. This paradigm shift is term evidence based development; where the effects and/ or outcomes of IT projects determine and define the process of their development. Evidence based development (EBD) is a paradigm in which contractual agreements and the interaction between IT system vendors and customers is defined by the effects/ outcomes of the IT projects delivered. It is a shift from product functionality development of IT projects to a user centered design (UCD) (Dressel and Srivatsav, 2015). UCD (sometimes called UDD (user driven development) is a process framework in which user characteristics, usability goals, tasks, environment, and work-flow of a product, process, or service, is given extensive focus in every stage of the development process (Gransson, Gulliksen and Boivie, 2003). In the context of UCD, this paper reviews and critiques the new paradigm of evidence based development in IT projects as put forth by Hertzum and Simonsen ; it begins by stating the significance of the problem that has necessitated its (EBD) introduction into the mainstream and why it is an important area for research and study. The paper then discusses evidence and arguments to support their position and how convincing these arguments are; the discussion then delves into counter evidence in relation to the authors works. The paper then goes on to discuss the im plications of the authors thesis and position to the software development community, its implications to the author and how the authors sees how the new paradigm can be applied at the workplace; the paper then makes a conclusion. Significance Vendors and developers usually develop software that have the functionalities that can satisfy the user requirements. This process usually commences with a capturing of customer user requirements before a prototype is developed and the final product developed based on user feedback (Gransson, Gulliksen and Boivie, 2003). As the authors allude, while this process has been used extensively, it has pitfalls because much focus is placed on the product and process rather than the effects of the IT system/ project (Hertzum and Simonsen, n.d). Agile development, for instance, entails capturing of the user requirements both at the high level and piecemeal level just in time to enable each feature to be developed. However, the method is just barely enough (Waters, 2007). however, as the authors further state, there should a shift from product and process based interaction between consumers and vendors in IT projects to a measurable, evidence based UCD for IT projects development and delivery. This is still a new area of research that seeks to provide an alternative approach and view that promises, on the evidence of present research and hypothesis by the article authors, a better approach to IT projects where there is cooperation and UCD and that lower costs and risks for the customer while performing the functions that add value to the customer. The traditionally considered best approaches to IT projects/ systems development still have some serious flaws and pitfalls in as far as consumer satisfaction is concerned (Turk, Rumpe and France, 2014), (Brandon, 2008). The proposed method is therefore significant in providing new insights on how IT projects can benefit the consumer more and provide a platform by which tangible effects of IT projects can be measured and used as the basis for payments while also being the loci of the interaction between the consumers and vendor(s); rather than the use of technicals like the development process and the product functionalities. The concept can be likened a car; the consumer and vendor do not have a contract based on technicalities like the development process and its functionalities, instead, focus is placed on what the effects the car has; its acceleration, top speed, fuel consumption, comfort, torque, safety, and reliability, among others. Te concept of EBD in the context of UCD is t herefore important in providing a new paradigm and method of IT projects management and development that actually add value to the customer and forces vendors to spend more time on creating value adding effects in IT projects. Evidence The authors (Hertzum and Simonsen, n.d), argue that while vendors follow the laid down procedures during IT projects and place focus on functionality, the customer does not always get what they need. This is evidenced by many cases where customers reject IT project deliveries because it does not provide the envisaged effects and outcomes. They use new paradigms where the same concept has been used, in IT procurement using the case study of the California Franchise Tax Board where performance based procurement was used by a large IT customer to mange their relations with software vendors with the main objective of sharing risks and accomplished through performance based payments. In the case study, the vendor is paid only if the benefits defined in the contract are realized by the customer after the implementation; the benefits include operational savings, cost avoidance, and increased income). To implement the mode, there is an extensive pre-project phase where effects are defined an d documented and form the basis for the contract, all at the vendors cost. This ensures the vendor places the due commitment to the IT project and focus on the effects rather than on the product of process. In a case study lasting a year, the authors review a case of home care providers where they tackle and give evidence that measuring the effects can actually be easy because this has been and continues to be a major concern for IT stakeholders; how do you define and quantify effects/ outcomes? For instance, the authors propose measurable effects be formulated for the home care IT project as using percentages to measure effects; for example, documentation of compliance with a certain procedure is 95% of the cases. While presenting their evidence though, the authors remain cognizant of the challenges of operationalizing the concept of EBD in the context of UCD; that while challenges remain, they can be overcome if there is a will among stakeholders, especially vendors. The points pu t forth are very convincing; for example, compliance must be 95% with a certain procedure. In everyday life, this is how most transactions occur; that an airplane must, for example, carry a passenger across the Atlantic within 8 hours and land at the scheduled time. However, because software is intangible, defining tangible/ measurable benefits that is accepted by all stakeholders and partners still remains a challenge, based on the findings and arguments of Titler, (2008) and Farley et al., (2009). while the author avers that such an approach is interesting and would help create greater value and synergy between customer and vendor, quantifying effects and outcomes for IT projects can be a challenge; though these challenges can be surmounted. Implications for Software Development This paper has no doubt stirred the hornets nest; on the one hand, the customers will see it as a panacea to a long held practice in which their contract with the vendors is based on technicalities and process while the software development community will see it as a largely impractical approach to interaction with customers. The software development community will be likely jolted from long held beliefs and traditions where they defined how they interact with consumers through technicalities and knowhow to a new truly UCD where payments are paid for benefits rather than processes and technicals. Development. For the author, this paper provides a refreshing and highly inventive approach to risk sharing, UCD, and what I believe is the right and fair process for software development that will truly add value to consumers. It provides me with a new way of thinking and new knowledge that is not only empowering (from the customer point of view), but also sweetly challenging to software de velopment where customers needs are actually met rather than offering customers functionalities and processes that can meet their needs but in most cases, usually does not. My views as a result have greatly changed and challenged at the same time; that vendors have been the greatest beneficiaries in IT projects while the customer has received the short end of the stick. It has also changed my views about cooperation and synergy that will eventually benefit the vendors and consumers in a symbiotic way and will add value to IT projects and allow more equitable risk sharing between vendors and customers. I will apply these principles at the workplace or organization where payment is made for benefits and outcomes rather than for technicals, processes, and functionalities, that in many a case do not add value at all. Conclusion Customers usually do not receive what they want or what adds value to their organizations in IT projects, as evidenced by many rejected IT project deliveries. The authors provide a new paradigm on the best way to share risks and ensure customers get what they want; what adds value to them through the use of evidence based development. Using examples of the California Franchise Tax Board and using a case study, provide real life and viable examples of where the concept can be applied. However, the authors are cognizant of the possible challenges, including how to quantify effects and if all stakeholders will accept them. The new paradigm is likely to throw vendors into a spin initially, but eventually their will embrace it and customers will quickly embrace the concept due to the risk sharing and its cost-effectiveness. Personally, I think its a fresh new concept that deserves a chance and that I am ready to apply in my organization. References Brandon, D. (2008). Software engineering for modern Web applications. 1st ed. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA). Dressel, C. and Srivatsav, N. (2015). Evidence-Based Design: an approach to better projects and happier teams. [online] Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/@impossible_labs/evidence-based-design-an-approach-to-better- projects-and-happier-teams-40532e6ed425 [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Farley, A., Feaster, D., Sar, B., Oak, S., Bruce, L., DAmbrosio, J. and Schapmire, T. (2009). The Challenges of Implementing Evidence Based Practice: Ethical Considerations in Practice, Education, Policy, and Research. [online] Socwork.net. Available at: https://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/76/335Conceptually [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Gransson, B., Gulliksen, J. and Boivie, I. (2003). The usability design process - integrating user- centered systems design in the software development process. Software Process: Improvement and Practice, 8(2), pp.111-131. Hillestad, R., Bigelow, J., Bower, A., Girosi, F., Meili, R., Scoville, R. and Taylor, R. (2005). Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, And Costs. Health Affairs, 24(5), pp.1103-1117. Kaplan, R. and Norton, D. (2005). The Office of Strategy Management. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2005/10/the-office-of-strategy-management [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Lyon, B. (n.d.). How to Ensure Strong Customer Service and Customer Satisfaction. [online] Managementhelp.org. Available at: https://managementhelp.org/customers/service.htm [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Titler, M. (2008). Patient safety and quality: Chapter 7The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation. 1st ed. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Turk, D., Rumpe, B. and France, R. (2014). Limitations of Agile Software Processes. Third International Conference on Extreme Programming and Flexible Processes in Software Engineering, 3(1), pp.26-30. Waters, K. (2007). Agile Principle 4: Agile Requirements Are Barely Sufficient | All About Agile. [online] Allaboutagile.com. Available at: https://www.allaboutagile.com/agile-principle-4- agile-requirements-are-barely-sufficient/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Wrubel, E. (2014). Agile Software Teams: How they Engage with Systems Engineering on Department of Defense Acquisition Programs. [online] Insights.sei.cmu.edu. Available at: https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/sei_blog/2014/11/agile-software-teams-how-they-engage-with- systems-engineering-on-department-of-defense-acquisition-p.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017].

Cross Cultural Conflict in “the Tigers Daughter” of Bharati Mukherjee Essay Example

Cross Cultural Conflict in â€Å"the Tigers Daughter† of Bharati Mukherjee Essay Bharati Mukherjee, an Indian born American novelist, is a familiar voice in the Indian Diaspora. Her fiction truly reflects the temperament and mood of the present American society as experienced by immigrants in America. She depicts the cross cultural crisis faced by her women in her novels. She found herself difficult to adapt to the culture, customs, and traditions, which she depicts through her female protagonists’ cultural crisis. Bharati Mukherjee’s first novel The Tiger’s Daughter (1972) deals with an upper class Bengali Brahmin girl named Tara Banerjee Cartwright, who goes to America for higher studies.. This paper throws light on the cross cultural conflict of the 22-year old heroine when she revisits India after a seven year stay in the United States. It highlights the cultural turmoil faced by Tara when she refuses to accept Calcutta as her home again. This paper also analyses how Tara, caught in a gulf between the two contrasting worlds, leads to her illusion, depression, and finally her tragic end. The author also attempts to portray how the novelist herself intimately projects her own self through the heroine in this novel. **************** The Tiger’s Daughter and Wife are about two different problems of expatriates. The Tiger’s Daughter, Mukherjee’s first novel, is about the cultural conflict of Tara Banerjee Cartwright, a Benghali Brahmin girl, who goes to America for higher studies at the age of sixteen. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Conflict in â€Å"the Tigers Daughter† of Bharati Mukherjee specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Conflict in â€Å"the Tigers Daughter† of Bharati Mukherjee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Conflict in â€Å"the Tigers Daughter† of Bharati Mukherjee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having married a white American, she returns home for a holiday trip to visit her parents. .The fusion of the Americanness and Indianness in the mind of Tara and the resulting of split personality due to the cultural conflict is the theme of the novel. In â€Å"The Tiger’s Daughter† Mukherjee creates a heroine Tara, who like herself, returns to India after several years in the West to discover a country quite unlike the one she remembered. Memories of a gentle Brahmin lifestyle are usurped by new impressions of poverty, hungry children and political unrest. At the age of fifteen Tara goes for higher study. â€Å"For Tara Vassar had been an unsalvageable mistake† (10). In Poughkeepsie Tara senses discrimination when her room mate refuses to share her bottle of Mango chutney. So she feels sad and homesick. She is unable to share her thoughts with pale dry skinned girls. Chowdury observes in this connection : She had been desperately homesick, lonely, and desperate to belong in fact she was in the typical position of an immigrant. She had to adjust to things which had been outside the purview of her previous idea of life as a hole. 82) Like other Indians she defends her family and her country. She also prays to Goddess Kali for strength, so that she would not break down before Americans. New York has driven to despair. Here, in the beginning she could not digest the culture of the States because of her deep-rooted Indianness. As ill luck would have it, Tara falls in love with an American named David and marries him. David is total ly western and Tara finds it difficult to communicate the finer nuances of her family background and of her life in Calcutta. It was because of the cultural difference. â€Å"Her husband asked naive questions about Indian customs and traditions. She felt insecure in an alien atmosphere. Madison Square was unbearable and her husband was after all a foreigner† (Shoba Shinde , quoted in R. K Dhawan 50). In the second part, when Tara visits India after seven years, she fails to bring back her old sense of perception and views India with a keenness of a foreigner. She is now totally Americanized. In India she finds herself a total stranger in the inherited milieu. She experiences a cultural shock. Tara is confused because â€Å"her old milieu, her family, her ideas of yore seem to confront the ‘American’ Tara as it were. †(Enakshy Chowdury 82). She feels herself a misfit at her home and among friends. Tara finds in India nothing to her liking and she realizes that there is no escape from Calcutta. As Shoba Shinde has rightly observed, â€Å"An immigrant away from home idealises his home country and cherishes nostalgic memories of it† (58) and Tara does the same in America. When she comes back to India, she confronts a restive city which forces weak men to fanatical defiance and dishonesty. In spite of her European personality, the Indian pulse vibrating in Tara makes her realise that the life of Calcutta in spite of all the dark spots and drawbacks, has its own life which is found nowhere else and which her husband David would not be able to able to realise. However, the Americanism dominates her Indianness and she looks at her home trough her Americanised eyes. She is no more an Indian identity and is always in clash with the culture of her native soil. The clash is deeply felt in the psyche of Tara who finds it difficult to adjust with her friends and relatives in India; and sometimes with the traditions of her own family. At the Bombay airport she responds to her relatives in a cold and dispassionate manner. When her relatives call her â€Å"Tul Tul† it sounds strange to her Americanised ears. The railway station looks like a hospital with so many sick and deformed men sitting on the bundles and trunks. In the compartment she finds it difficult to travel with Marvari and a Nepali. Now she considers America a dream land. When surrounded by her relatives and vendors at the Howrah railway station Tara feels uncomfortable. It is likely that she hates everyone and every thing in India where she was born, brought up and taught many values because of her acculturation in America. Her personality now resists to digest the changed atmosphere in her native place and in her friends. Slowly her changed personality makes her a misfit in the company of her old friends.. She feels alienated when her relatives call her ‘Americawali’ and her husband ‘mleccha’ The foreignness of her spirit refuses to establish an emotional kinship with her old friends and relatives. The greatest irony of her return is that she feels loneliness in her native land. Tara’s mother Arati is a saintly woman and she spends a great deal of time in her prayer room. At home Tara is compelled to lead a pious life. Her mother urges her to sit and listen to Sanskrit slogans, but she tries to tolerate prayers and Saraswathi Poojas. For Tara, who could sing ‘ Ragupati ragava raja ram’ it has now become artificial to sing the song after her return from America. Tara’s mind is constantly at conflict with the two personalities – one of an Indian and the other of an American. Caught in the gulf between these two contrasting worlds, Tara feels that she has forgotten many of her Hindu rituals of worshipping icons she had seen her mother performing since her childhood. It is the American culture that has covered Tara like an invisible spirit or darkness. In the deepest core of her heart, Tara has an intense desire to behave like an ordinary Indian but her re-rooted self in America made such common rituals alien to her. . She realises that she has become rootless now. She is convinced of her â€Å"†¦ little death, a hardening of the heart, a craking of axis and centre† (54) When her mother requests to share piety with the family, she thinks â€Å"†¦ in the end she would not stay† (54). She has become an outsider looking at her own life, from outside. She sees everything with an American eye and comments on everything from the point of view of an Americanised Indian. She finds herself marginalized on the psychological level and suffers from a split self. Meena T Pillai rightly observes: She came to India expecting admiration, glamour and heroism. But when she doesn’t get these, she is stung and depressed†¦ This is exactly Tara’s predicament. Neither can she comprehend Calcutta, nor can she reach out its teeming masses. † (129) The third part of the novel deals with Tara’s life at Calcutta with her Catelli- Continental friends. She hopes that her friends would offer peace to her confused mind. To her surprise, they behave in a different way. â€Å"Her friends let slip their disapproval of her, they suggested her marriage had been imprudent, that seven years abroad had eroded all that was fine and sensitive in her Bengali nature† (The Tiger’s Daughter 55) The attitude of er friends that they approve foreign manner, foreign etiquette, foreign fashions but they do not approve the foreign marriage ironically makes a criticism of the conservative attitude of the Indians who feel crazy for foreign things and dresses and items but they do not approve marriage with foreign people. The novelist , through Tara, calls them â€Å"racial purists† (The Tiger’s Daughter 86) When Tara writes to Da vid regularly she fails to communicate her feelings and failures in her homeland. Tara becomes confused for she cannot share her feelings with her American husband. She remains a foreigner both to her husband and to her friends. Her foreignness seems to be a ‘double-edged weapon’ M. Sivaramakrishna comments on her feelings of rootlessness and lack of identity thus: Tara in The Tiger’s Daughter fins it difficult to relate herself to her family ,city, culture in general since her marriage to an American, her western education are enough signs to brand her as an ‘alienated’ westernized woman. The implicit logic is that since she is exposed to the west and has absorbed its values she must be necessarily alienated. (74) Tara is able to understand the changes in her personality due to her total Amricanisation. Inspired by her Westernization, she cannot face the disease and despair, riot and poverty of people in Calcutta. There occurs a conflict in her mind between her old sense of perception in Calcutta and her present changed outlook. Jasbir Jain observes in this connection: Tara’s consciousness of the present is rooted in her life in the States and when she looks at India anew it is not through her childhood associations or her past memories but through the eyes of her foreign husband David. Her reactions are those of a tourist, of a foreigner (13) Tara’s stay in the States has changed her view and vision of India. It has opened her eyes to the gulf between the lives of the poor and those of the rich in her own country. Being a westernized Indian she looks at India as a land of the poor living in a poor environment and suffering from starvation and disease. The fourth part of the novel deals with Tara’s visit to Darjeeling and her coming back to Calcutta with the sense of boredom and alienation and her final victimization in a mob. Unable to reconcile with these things, Tara feels like going back to America. But to entertain her, her friends makes her a trip to Darjeeling to spend her summer. But Tara gets consolation and peace nowhere. She becomes upset when a heart specialist passes sarcastic remarks on her: â€Å"I think your years abroad have robbed you of your feminine propriety† ( The Tiger’s Daughter, 187 ). At Nayapur , when she happens to meet one Marvari named Tuntunwala , it leads to her claustrophobic rape by this wicked man. But Tara hides this incident of seduction from others for fear of disgrace. She could not share her knowledge of Tuntunwala with any of her friends. In a land where a friendly smile, an accidental brush of fingers, can ignite rumors – even lawsuits how is one to speak of Mr. Tuntunwala’s violence (199) Here, because her acculturation, Tara looks down upon Indian culture, as a typical westerner. She is unhappy about the conservative culture of India in which she was brought up as an orthodox girl in a disciplined rural environment. The ending of the novel is full of rapid and violent incidents. Calcutta is burning with the violent agitations of labourers against their masters. The discovery that Tara makes at the end of the novel is that the greenery and the forests that she had associated with the India of her childhood, her version of pastoral – were no longer there, something or the other had â€Å" killed â€Å" them (The Tiger’s Daughter 207 ) â€Å"In New York she had dreamt of coming back to Calcutta, but â€Å"the return had brought only the wounds† (The Tiger’s Daughter 25 ) When everything becomes frustrating and horrible to Tara, she finally decides to go back to America. While returning home, after booking a flight ticket to New York, Tara becomes a victim of violence, caused by the violent agitators. The irony of the novel is that Tara who survived racial hardships in a foreign country comes to her native soil seeking peace is at last killed in her native land. Her desire to find a peace of love and security ends in frustration of death. Bharati Mukherjee’s life is a story of exile, expatriation and dispossession that constitute her unique diasporic consciousness which is responsible for her creative expression. Therefore, her writings largely reflect her personal experience in cross cultural boundaries. Bharati Mukherjee’s protagonist Tara suffers from the cultural turmoil as the novelist herself suffered in her real life. It seems that the novelist, in fact, projects herself through the character of Tara, a victim of split personality and identity crisis. One can find Mukherjee’s shadow behind her characters. This novel is autobiographical for it reflects the cross cultural experience of Mukherjee and her feeling of disinheritance Thus, the novel is designed to capture the predicament – the cultural conflict of someone returning to one’s homeland after a period of self-imposed exile: to such a person, home will never be home again, and a life in exile in an alien country or the expatriation is more desirable than what â€Å"home† has become. References Mukherjee, Bharati. The Tiger’s Daughter. Houghton Miffin, 1972 Chowdhury Enakshi. â€Å"Images of Women in Bharati Mukherjee’s Novels† Literary Voice. No. 2. Oct. 1995 Dawan, R. K. The Fiction of Bharati Mukherjee: A Critical Symposium. New York: Prestige Books, 1996. Iain, Jasbir. Foreignness of Spirit : the world of Bharati Mukherjee’s Novels. Journal of Indian Writing in English,13, 2 ( 1985) Shinde, Shoba. Cross Cultural Crisis in Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine and The Tiger’s Daughter,† R. K. Dhawan and L. S. R. Krishnasastri (Eds). Commonwealth Writing: A Study in Expatriate Experience. New Delhi , Prestige Books, 1994 Sivaramakrishna, M. â€Å"Bharati Mukherjee† M. S. Prasad (Ed). Indian English Novelists. New Delhi: Sterling,1982 www. wikipedia. com

HOMEWORK # 2 Essays - Phylogenetics, Biology, Free Essays

HOMEWORK # 2 Essays - Phylogenetics, Biology, Free Essays HOMEWORK # 2 CONSTRUCTING PHYLOGENIES Below are two sets of amino acid sequences from 6 different species numbered 1-6. Using what we have learned about constructing phylogenetic trees (refer to your notes and textbook) draw a phylogenetic tree (hypothesis about relationships) based on the similarities shared among the 6 species in each data set. Note: the 6 species are the same in each dataset and you should have one phylogenetic hypothesis (tree) for each set of sequences. Protein Sequence Set A Species 5 GNAGYGAEALERM Species 6 GNAGYGAEALERM Species 2 NHAAFGAEALERM Species 3 NHSAYGAEALERM Species 1 AHAGYGAEALERM Species 4 GHAGYGGEALDRT Protein Sequence Set B Species 5 LCNSIGSLFQTFSI Species 6 LCNSTGSLFQTFAI Species 2 LCNSTGSLFQTFAI Species 3 LCNSTGSLFQTFAI Species 1 LCNSIGSLFQTFSI Species 4 LCNSIGSLFQTFSI Questions: If the two different sets of sequences result in different hypotheses, what might explain these differences (think about what we've been discussing in class)? What types of additional information would you need to decide among the different hypotheses? Which of the trees is the preferred tree and why?